Human Dkk-3 Biotinylated Antibody Summary
Ala22-Ile350
Accession # Q9UBP4
Applications
Human Dkk-3 Sandwich Immunoassay
Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application. General Protocols are available in the Technical Information section on our website.
Scientific Data
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Dkk‑3 in Human Lung. Dkk‑3 was detected in immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human lung using Goat Anti-Human Dkk‑3 Biotinylated Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # BAF1118) at 15 µg/mL overnight at 4 °C. Tissue was stained using the Anti-Goat HRP-DAB Cell & Tissue Staining Kit (brown; CTS008) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). View our protocol for Chromogenic IHC Staining of Paraffin-embedded Tissue Sections.
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Dkk‑3 in Human Lung. Dkk-3 was detected in immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human lung array using Goat Anti-Human Dkk-3 Biotinylated Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # BAF1118) at 15 µg/mL overnight at 4 °C. Tissue was stained using the Anti-Goat HRP-DAB Cell & Tissue Staining Kit (brown; CTS008) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). Lower panel shows a lack of labeling if primary antibodies are omitted and tissue is stained only with secondary antibody followed by incubation with detection reagents. View our protocol for Chromogenic IHC Staining of Paraffin-embedded Tissue Sections.
Reconstitution Calculator
Preparation and Storage
- 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
- 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
- 6 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
Background: Dkk-3
Dkk-3, also known as REIC (Reduced Expansion in Immortalized Cells), is one of four numbered members of the Dickkopf family of Wnt antagonists (1). Dkk-3 is a secreted monomer expressed in many normal human tissues, most strongly in heart, brain and spinal cord (1, 2), and during early embryonic development in the mouse (3). N-glycosylation at up to four sites preceding or between two conserved cysteine-rich motifs results in expression of a 45-65 kDa glycoprotein (1, 4). The cysteine-rich motifs contain 10 cysteines each, with prokineticin and colipase families containing sequences similar to those of the second motif (1, 5). Human Dkk-3 shows 82%, 88%, 85%, and 53% amino acid (aa) identity with mouse, bovine, canine, and chick Dkk-3, respectively, and 37-45% aa identity with other human Dkk family members. Several lines of evidence implicate Dkk-3 as a negative growth regulator. Dkk-3 is downregulated in many tumors as compared to normal cells, sometimes by loss of heterozygosity (4, 6). Downregulation by CpG hypermethylation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia is correlated with faster progression and shorter survival (7). Release of cultured cells from serum starvation results in downregulation of Dkk-3 in late G1 phase of the cell cycle (6). Over-expression of Dkk‑3 results in tumor cell-line-specific growth inhibition, induction of apoptosis, and decreased tumorigenicity in nude mice (2, 4, 6). The prototype Dickkopf member, Dkk-1, antagonizes Wnt family signaling by binding to Wnt receptors LRP5 and LRP6 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins) and promoting their internalization (1, 9, 10). Results are less straightforward for Dkk-3, where some studies show binding to LRP5/6 while others do not. These effects appear to be dependent on the cells and conditions used (1, 6-10).
- Krupnik, V.E. et al. (1999) Gene 238:301.
- Tsuji, T. et al. (2000) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 268:20.
- Kemp, C. et al. (2005) Dev. Dyn. 233:1064.
- Hsieh, S.-Y. et al. (2004) Oncogene 23:9183.
- Bullock, C.M. et al. (2004) Mol. Pharmacol. 65:582.
- Tsuji, T. et al. (2001) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 289:257.
- Roman-Gomez, J. et al. (2004) Br. J. Cancer 91:707.
- Hoang, B.H. et al. (2004) Cancer Res. 64:2734.
- Caricasole, A. et al. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278:37024.
- Mao, B. et al. (2001) Nature 411:321.
Product Datasheets
Citations for Human Dkk-3 Biotinylated Antibody
R&D Systems personnel manually curate a database that contains references using R&D Systems products. The data collected includes not only links to publications in PubMed, but also provides information about sample types, species, and experimental conditions.
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Citations: Showing 1 - 3
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Development of a therapeutic anti-HtrA1 antibody and the identification of DKK3 as a pharmacodynamic biomarker in geographic atrophy
Authors: I Tom, VC Pham, KJ Katschke, W Li, WC Liang, J Gutierrez, A Ah Young, I Figueroa, ST Eshghi, CV Lee, J Kanodia, SJ Snipas, GS Salvesen, P Lai, L Honigberg, M van Looker, D Kirchhofer, A Baruch, JR Lill
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2020-04-28;117(18):9952-9963.
Species: Macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus monkey), Rabbit
Sample Types: Tissue Homogenates
Applications: Western Blot -
Elevated levels of Dickkopf-related protein 3 in seminal plasma of prostate cancer patients
Authors: Christoph Zenzmaier, Martin Heitz, Helmut Klocker, Marion Buck, Robert A Gardiner, Peter Berger
Journal of Translational Medicine
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Dkk-3 is elevated in CSF and plasma of Alzheimer's disease patients.
Authors: Zenzmaier C, Marksteiner J, Kiefer A, Berger P, Humpel C
J. Neurochem., 2009-05-11;110(2):653-61.
Species: Human
Sample Types: CSF
Applications: ELISA Development
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