Human GDF-15 Antibody Summary
Ala197-Ile308
Accession # Q99988
Applications
Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application. General Protocols are available in the Technical Information section on our website.
Scientific Data
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Detection of Human GDF‑15 by Western Blot. Western blot shows lysate of HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cell line. PVDF membrane was probed with 0.5 µg/mL of Goat Anti-Human GDF-15 Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF957) followed by HRP-conjugated Anti-Goat IgG Secondary Antibody (Catalog # HAF017). A specific band was detected for GDF-15 at approximately 35 kDa (as indicated). This experiment was conducted under reducing conditions and using Immunoblot Buffer Group 1.
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Detection of Human GDF‑15 by Simple WesternTM. Simple Western lane view shows lysate of HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cell line, loaded at 0.2 mg/mL. A specific band was detected for GDF-15 at approximately 47 kDa (as indicated) using 5 µg/mL of Goat Anti-Human GDF-15 Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF957) followed by 1:50 dilution of HRP-conjugated Anti-Goat IgG Secondary Antibody (Catalog # HAF109). This experiment was conducted under reducing conditions and using the 12-230 kDa separation system.
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Detection of Human GDF-15 by Western Blot Upregulation of GDF-15 by hypoxia in endothelial cells. Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC) were subjected to hypoxia for various time periods (2 h to 24 h). The mRNA and protein levels of GDF-15 (secreted form) were determined either by quantitative RT-PCR (panel A), immunoradiometric sandwich assay - IRMA (panel B) or Western Blot analysis (panel C). Hypoxia increased GDF-15 expression in a time dependent manner, which was initially detected after 2 hours on mRNA level and after 4 hours on protein level. Data from n = 4 each group are shown as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 compared to control. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21548946), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.
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Detection of Human GDF-15 by Western Blot Upregulation of GDF-15 by hypoxia in endothelial cells. Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC) were subjected to hypoxia for various time periods (2 h to 24 h). The mRNA and protein levels of GDF-15 (secreted form) were determined either by quantitative RT-PCR (panel A), immunoradiometric sandwich assay - IRMA (panel B) or Western Blot analysis (panel C). Hypoxia increased GDF-15 expression in a time dependent manner, which was initially detected after 2 hours on mRNA level and after 4 hours on protein level. Data from n = 4 each group are shown as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 compared to control. Image collected and cropped by CiteAb from the following open publication (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21548946), licensed under a CC-BY license. Not internally tested by R&D Systems.
Reconstitution Calculator
Preparation and Storage
- 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
- 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
- 6 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
Background: GDF-15
Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15), also called Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), placental transforming growth factor-beta, prostate-derived factor, and placental bone morphogenetic protein, is a divergent member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta ) superfamily. GDF-15 is highly expressed in placenta and is expressed at lower levels in kidney, pancreas, prostate and colon. It is also widely expressed in brain. Similar to other TGF-beta family proteins, GDF-15 is synthesized as a large precursor protein that is cleaved at the dibasic cleavage site (RXXR) to release the carboxy-terminal domain. The carboxy-terminal domain of GDF-15 contains the characteristic seven conserved cysteine residues necessary for the formation of the cysteine knot and the single interchain disulfide bond. Furthermore, the carboxy-terminal domain contains two additional cysteine residues that form a fourth intrachain disulfide bond. Biologically active GDF-15 is a disulfide-linked homodimer of the carboxy-terminal 112 amino acid residues. Mature human GDF-15 shares 66.1% and 68.7% amino acid sequence similarity with rat and mouse GDF-15, respectively, which are remarkably low homologies between species in TGF-beta superfamily. GDF-15 has been shown to have various functions, including inhibition of production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha ) from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, induction of cartilage formation, early-stage endochonadal bone formation, and promotion of neuronal survival.
- Bootcov, M.R. et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:11514.
- Böttner, M. et al. (1999) Gene 237:105.
- Fairlie, W.D. et al. (1998) J. Leukoc. Biol 65:2.
- Fairlie, W.D. et al. (2001) J B.C 20:16911.
- Bauskin, A.R. et al. (2000) EMBO J. 19:2212.
- Strelau, J. et al. (2000) J. Neurosci. 20:8597.
- Schober, A. et al. (2001) J. Comp. Neurol. 439:32.
Product Datasheets
Citations for Human GDF-15 Antibody
R&D Systems personnel manually curate a database that contains references using R&D Systems products. The data collected includes not only links to publications in PubMed, but also provides information about sample types, species, and experimental conditions.
13
Citations: Showing 1 - 10
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MAP3K11/GDF15 axis is a critical driver of cancer cachexia
Authors: Lorena Lerner, Julie Tao, Qing Liu, Richard Nicoletti, Bin Feng, Brian Krieger et al.
Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle
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Activity of Combined Androgen Receptor Antagonism and Cell Cycle Inhibition in Androgen Receptor Positive Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Jessica L. Christenson, Kathleen I. O'Neill, Michelle M. Williams, Nicole S. Spoelstra, Kenneth L. Jones, G. Devon Trahan et al.
Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
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GDF-15 is abundantly expressed in plexiform lesions in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and affects proliferation and apoptosis of pulmonary endothelial cells.
Authors: Nickel N, Jonigk D, Kempf T et al.
Respir Res.
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GPX3 supports ovarian cancer tumor progression in vivo and promotes expression of GDF15
Authors: Chang, C;Cheng, YY;Kamlapurkar, S;White, SR;Tang, PW;Elhaw, AT;Javed, Z;Aird, KM;Mythreye, K;Phaëton, R;Hempel, N;
bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology
Species: Human
Sample Types: Cell Lysates
Applications: Western Blot -
Growth and differentiation factor 15 and NF-&kapppaB expression in benign prostatic biopsies and risk of subsequent prostate cancer detection
Authors: BA Rybicki, SM Sadasivan, Y Chen, O Kravtsov, W Palangmont, K Arora, NS Gupta, S Williamson, K Bobbitt, DA Chitale, D Tang, AG Rundle, KA Iczkowski
Cancer Medicine, 2021-03-30;0(0):.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Tissue
Applications: IHC -
An autocrine/paracrine circuit of growth differentiation factor (GDF) 15 has a role for maintenance of breast cancer stem-like cells
Authors: A Sasahara, K Tominaga, T Nishimura, M Yano, E Kiyokawa, M Noguchi, M Noguchi, H Kanauchi, T Ogawa, H Minato, K Tada, Y Seto, A Tojo, N Gotoh
Oncotarget, 2017-04-11;8(15):24869-24881.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Neutralization -
Panel of three novel serum markers predicts liver stiffness and fibrosis stages in patients with chronic liver disease
Authors: M Krawczyk, S Zimmermann, G Hess, R Holz, M Dauer, J Raedle, F Lammert, F Grünhage
PLoS ONE, 2017-03-16;12(3):e0173506.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Serum
Applications: ELISA Development -
Growth Differentiation Factor-15-Induced Contractile Activity and Extracellular Matrix Production in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci, 2016-12-01;57(15):6482-6495.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Tissue
Applications: IHC-P -
Anti-tumoral effects of miR-3189-3p in glioblastoma.
Authors: Jeansonne D, DeLuca M, Marrero L, Lassak A, Pacifici M, Wyczechowska D, Wilk A, Reiss K, Peruzzi F
J Biol Chem, 2015-02-02;290(13):8067-80.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Cell Lysates
Applications: Western Blot -
Identification of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in adipose tissue and its secretion as an adipokine by human adipocytes.
Authors: Ding Q, Mracek T, Gonzalez-Muniesa P, Kos K, Wilding J, Trayhurn P, Bing C
Endocrinology, 2008-12-12;150(4):1688-96.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Cell Lysates
Applications: Western Blot -
Prognostic value of growth-differentiation factor-15 in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome.
Authors: Wollert KC, Kempf T, Peter T, Olofsson S, James S, Johnston N, Lindahl B, Horn-Wichmann R, Brabant G, Simoons ML, Armstrong PW, Califf RM, Drexler H, Wallentin L
Circulation, 2007-02-05;115(8):962-71.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Serum
Applications: ELISA Development -
Reduced expression of GDF-15 is associated with atrophic inflammatory lesions of the prostate
Authors: James R. Lambert, Ramon J. Whitson, Kenneth A. Iczkowski, Francisco G. La Rosa, Maxwell L. Smith, R. Storey Wilson et al.
The Prostate
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Identification of a novel ER-NFĸB-driven stem-like cell population associated with relapse of ER+ breast tumors
Authors: Svetlana E. Semina, Luis H. Alejo, Shivani Chopra, Nidhi S. Kansara, Irida Kastrati, Carol A. Sartorius et al.
Breast Cancer Research
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