KU 55933
Chemical Name: 2-(4-Morpholinyl)-6-(1-thianthrenyl)-4H-pyran-4-one
Purity: ≥98%
Biological Activity
KU 55933 is a potent, selective and competitive ATM kinase inhibitor (Ki = 2.2 nM, IC50 values are 13, 2500, 9300, 16600, > 100000 and > 100000 nM at ATM, DNA-PK, mTOR, PI 3-kinase, PI 4-K and ATR respectively). Decreases viability of MCF-7, A549 and HCT116 cells and decreases p21CIP1 levels in vitro. Acts as a radio- and chemosensitizer for the treatment of cancer.Technical Data
The technical data provided above is for guidance only.
For batch specific data refer to the Certificate of Analysis.
Tocris products are intended for laboratory research use only, unless stated otherwise.
Background References
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Identification and characterization of a novel and specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM.
Hickson I, Zhao Y, Richardson CJ et al.
Cancer Res -
Regulation of SIRT1 activity by genotoxic stress.
Yuan J, Luo K, Liu T
Genes Dev., 2012;26(8):791-6. -
Modulation of NKG2D ligand expression and metastasis in tumors by spironolactone via RXRgamma activation.
Leung W, Vong Q, Lin W, Janke L, Chen T, Leung W
J Exp Med, 2013;210(12):2675-92. -
Telomeric DNA damage is irreparable and causes persistent DNA-damage-response activation.
Fumagalli M, Rossiello F, Clerici M
Nat. Cell Biol., 2012;14(4):355-65. -
ROS-dependent activation of JNK converts p53 into an efficient inhibitor of oncogenes leading to robust apoptosis.
Shi Y, Nikulenkov F, Zawacka-Pankau J, Li H, Gabdoulline R, Xu J, Eriksson S, Hedstrom E, Issaeva N, Kel A, Arner E, Selivanova G
Cell Death Differ, 2014;21(4):612-23. -
NADPH oxidase 4 is a critical mediator in Ataxia telangiectasia disease.
Weyemi, Urbain, Redon, Christop, Aziz, Towqir, Choudhuri, Rohini, Maeda, Daisuke, Parekh, Palak R, Bonner, Michael, Arbiser, Jack L, Bonner, William
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2015;112(7):2121-6. -
Re-replication induced by geminin depletion occurs from G2 and is enhanced by checkpoint activation.
J. Cell. Sci., 2012;125(0):2436-45. -
NOX2-dependent ATM kinase activation dictates pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype and improves effectiveness to radiation therapy
Q Wu, A Allouch, A Paoletti, C Leteur, C Mirjolet, I Martins, L Voisin, F Law, H Dakhli, E Mintet, M Thoreau, Z Muradova, M Gauthier, O Caron, F Milliat, DM Ojcius, F Rosselli, E Solary, N Modjtahedi, E Deutsch, JL Perfettini
Cell Death Differ., 2017;0(0):. -
The scaffold protein WRAP53beta orchestrates the ubiquitin response critical for DNA double-strand break repair.
Henriksson S, Rassoolzadeh H, Hedstrom E, Coucoravas C, Julner A, Goldstein M, Imreh G, Zhivotovsky B, Kastan M, Helleday T, Farnebo M
Genes Dev, 2014;28(24):2726-38. -
BRD4 inhibitors block telomere elongation
S Wang, AM Pike, SS Lee, MA Strong, CJ Connelly, CW Greider
Nucleic Acids Res., 2017;45(14):8403-8410. -
Cell cycle-regulated ubiquitination of tankyrase 1 by RNF8 and ABRO1/BRCC36 controls the timing of sister telomere resolution
Ekta Tripathi
EMBO J, 2016;0(0):. -
The CHD6 chromatin remodeler is an oxidative DNA damage response factor
S Moore, ND Berger, MS Luijsterbu, CG Piett, FKT Stanley, CU Schräder, S Fang, JA Chan, DC Schriemer, ZD Nagel, H van Attiku, AA Goodarzi
Nat Commun, 2019;10(1):241. -
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated and p21CIP1 modulate cell survival of drug-induced senescent tumor cells: Implications for chemotherapy.
Crescenzi et al.
Clin.Cancer Res., 2008;14:1877 -
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase regulates ribonucleotide reductase and mitochondrial homeostasis.
Eaton et al.
J.Clin.Invest., 2007;117:2723
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Citations for KU 55933
The citations listed below are publications that use Tocris products. Selected citations for KU 55933 include:
97 Citations: Showing 1 - 10
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Citrate Promotes Excessive Lipid Biosynthesis and Senescence in Tumor Cells for Tumor Therapy.
Authors: Xia Et al.
Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022;9:e2101553
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High replication stress and limited Rad51-mediated DNA repair capacity, but not oxidative stress, underlie oligodendrocyte precursor cell radiosensitivity.
Authors: Jennifer A Et al.
NAR Cancer 2022;4:zcac012
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Dual signaling via interferon and DNA damage response elicits entrapment by giant PML nuclear bodies.
Authors: Regina Et al.
Elife 2022;11
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HCV Activates Somatic L1 Retrotransposition-A Potential Hepatocarcinogenesis Pathway.
Authors: John Et al.
Cancers (Basel) 2021;13
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A robust CRISPR-Cas9-based fluorescent reporter assay for the detection and quantification of DNA double-strand break repair.
Authors: Tarek Et al.
Nucleic Acids Res 2020;48:e126
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Osteogenic differentiation of skeletal muscle progenitor cells is activated by the DNA damage response.
Authors: Rosina Et al.
Sci Rep 2019;9:5447
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Autophagy is essential for oligodendrocyte differentiation, survival, and proper myelination.
Authors: Russell M Et al.
Glia 2019;67:1745-1759
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E3 Ubiquitin Ligases RNF20 and RNF40 Are Required for Double-Stranded Break (DSB) Repair: Evidence for Monoubiquitination of Histone H2B Lysine 120 as a Novel Axis of DSB Signaling and Repair.
Authors: Alberto Et al.
Mol Cell Biol 2019;39
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RAG-Mediated DNA Breaks Attenuate PU.1 Activity in Early B Cells through Activation of a SPIC-BCLAF1 Complex.
Authors: Kenneth M Et al.
Cell Rep 2019;29:829-843.e5
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Transient inhibition of p53 homologs protects ovarian function from two distinct apoptotic pathways triggered by anticancer therapies.
Authors: So-Youn Et al.
Cell Death Differ 2019;26:502-515
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Protein Phosphatase 1 Regulatory Subunit SDS22 Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Tumorigenesis by Functioning as a Negative Regulator of the AKT Signaling Pathway.
Authors: Paul Et al.
Neoplasia 2019;21:30
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Cytotoxic and Antitumor Activity of Lactaptin in Combination with Autophagy Inducers and Inhibitors.
Authors: Bagamanshina Et al.
Biomed Res Int 2019;2019:4087160
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Autophagy is required for lung development and morphogenesis.
Authors: Yeganeh Et al.
J Clin Invest 2019;130:2904
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ATM orchestrates the DNA-damage response to counter toxic non-homologous end-joining at broken replication forks.
Authors: Balmus Et al.
Nat Commun 2019;10:87
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Typhoid toxin exhausts the RPA response to DNA replication stress driving senescence and Salmonella infection.
Authors: Ibler Et al.
Nat Commun 2019;10:4040
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The CHD6 chromatin remodeler is an oxidative DNA damage response factor.
Authors: Moore Et al.
Nat Commun 2019;10:241
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The ATM and Rad3-Related (ATR) Protein Kinase Pathway Is Activated by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Required for Efficient Viral Replication.
Authors: Edwards Et al.
J Virol 2018;92
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Formation of 53BP1 foci and ATM activation under oxidative stress is facilitated by RNA:DNA hybrids and loss of ATM-53BP1 expression promotes photoreceptor cell survival in mice.
Authors: Bhatia Et al.
F1000Res 2018;7:1233
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The Histone Chaperone FACT Coordinates H2A.X-Dependent Signaling and Repair of DNA Damage.
Authors: Piquet Et al.
Mol Cell 2018;72:888
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The Chromatin Reader ZMYND8 Regulates Igh Enhancers to Promote Immunoglobulin Class Switch Recombination.
Authors: Delgado-Benito Et al.
Mol Cell 2018;72:636
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Tissue-selective effects of nucleolar stress and rDNA damage in developmental disorders.
Authors: Calo Et al.
Nature 2018;554:112
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Cell type-dependent bimodal p53 activation engenders a dynamic mechanism of chemoresistance.
Authors: Yang Et al.
Sci Adv 2018;4:eaat5077
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Dppa2/4 Facilitate Epigenetic Remodeling during Reprogramming to Pluripotency.
Authors: Thomas A Et al.
Cell Stem Cell 2018;23:396-411.e8
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SETD2-dependent H3K36me3 plays a critical role in epigenetic regulation of the HPV31 life cycle.
Authors: Gautam Et al.
PLoS Pathog 2018;14:e1007367
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Reversible p53 inhibition prevents cisplatin ototoxicity without blocking chemotherapeutic efficacy.
Authors: Benkafadar Et al.
EMBO Mol Med 2017;9:7
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Nuclear Acetyl-CoA Production by ACLY Promotes Homologous Recombination.
Authors: Jingwen Et al.
Mol Cell 2017;67:252-265.e6
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Regulation of human polλ by ATM-mediated phosphorylation during non-homologous end joining.
Authors: Dale A Et al.
DNA Repair (Amst) 2017;51:31-45
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ATM/Wip1 activities at chromatin control Plk1 re-activation to determine G2 checkpoint duration.
Authors: Jaiswal Et al.
EMBO J 2017;36:2161
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NOX2-dependent ATM kinase activation dictates pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype and improves effectiveness to radiation therapy.
Authors: Wu Et al.
Cell Death Differ 2017;24:1632
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Drug-induced hyperploidy stimulates an antitumor NK cell response mediated by NKG2D and DNAM-1 receptors.
Authors: Acebes-Huerta Et al.
Oncoimmunology 2016;5:e1074378
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A USP28-53BP1-p53-p21 signaling axis arrests growth after centrosome loss or prolonged mitosis.
Authors: Lambrus Et al.
J Cell Biol 2016;214:143
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Fe65 Is Phosphorylated on Ser289 after UV-Induced DNA Damage.
Authors: Langlands Et al.
PLoS One 2016;11:e0155056
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Activation of DNA Damage Response Pathways during Lytic Replication of KSHV.
Authors: Hollingworth Et al.
Mol Cell Biol 2015;7:2908
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Selective Inhibition of Parallel DNA Damage Response Pathways Optimizes Radiosensitization of Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells.
Authors: Ahmed Et al.
Cancer Res 2015;75:4416
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A radiosensitivity MiRNA signature validated by the TCGA database for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas.
Authors: Liu Et al.
Aging Cell 2015;6:34649
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DNA Damage Response Proteins and Oxygen Modulate Prostaglandin E2 Growth Factor Release in Response to Low and High LET Ionizing Radiation.
Authors: Allen Et al.
Front Oncol 2015;5:260
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Cellular responses to a prolonged delay in mitosis are determined by a DNA damage response controlled by Bcl-2 family proteins.
Authors: Colin Et al.
Viruses 2015;5:140156
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The E3 ubiquitin ligase ARIH1 protects against genotoxic stress by initiating a 4EHP-mediated mRNA translation arrest.
Authors: Stechow Et al.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015;35:1254
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Trovafloxacin-induced replication stress sensitizes HepG2 cells to tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced cytotoxicity mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related.
Authors: Beggs Et al.
Toxicology 2015;331:35
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Spatio-temporal regulation of RAG2 following genotoxic stress.
Authors: Rodgers Et al.
DNA Repair (Amst) 2015;27:19
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Lamin A/C-dependent interaction with 53BP1 promotes cellular responses to DNA damage.
Authors: Gibbs-Seymour Et al.
Open Biol 2015;14:162
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Pharmacologic inhibition of ATR and ATM offers clinically important distinctions to enhancing platinum or radiation response in ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancer cells.
Authors: Teng Et al.
Gynecol Oncol 2015;136:554
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F-box protein FBXO31 directs degradation of MDM2 to facilitate p53-mediated growth arrest following genotoxic stress.
Authors: Malonia Et al.
J Cell Biol 2015;112:8632
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Contrasting Effects of the Cytotoxic Anticancer Drug gemcit. and the EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor gefi. on NK Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity via Regulation of NKG2D Ligand in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells.
Authors: Okita Et al.
PLoS One 2015;10:e0139809
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Inactivation of p53 in Human Keratinocytes Leads to Squamous Differentiation and Shedding via Replication Stress and Mitotic Slippage.
Authors: Alberto Et al.
Cell Rep 2014;9:1349-60
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TLR8 signaling enhances tumor immunity by preventing tumor-induced T-cell senescence.
Authors: Ye Et al.
EMBO Mol Med 2014;6:1294
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SMAR1 coordinates HDAC6-induced deacetylation of Ku70 and dictates cell fate upon irradiation.
Authors: Chaudhary Et al.
Cell Death Dis 2014;5:e1447
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ATM specifically mediates repair of double-strand breaks with blocked DNA ends.
Authors: Alvarez-Quilón Et al.
Nat Commun 2014;5:3347
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Inhibition of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase suppresses herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) keratitis.
Authors: Alekseev Et al.
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014;55:706
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PARP-1 dependent recruitment of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated protein FUS/TLS to sites of oxidative DNA damage.
Authors: Majid Et al.
Nucleic Acids Res 2014;42:307-14
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Defying DNA double-strand break-induced death during prophase I meiosis by temporal TAp63α phosphorylation regulation in developing mouse oocytes.
Authors: Kim and Suh
Mol Cell Biol 2014;34:1460
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The scaffold protein WRAP53β orchestrates the ubiquitin response critical for DNA double-strand break repair.
Authors: Henriksson Et al.
Genes Dev 2014;28:2726
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Selenoprotein H suppresses cellular senescence through genome maintenance and redox regulation.
Authors: Wu Et al.
J Biol Chem 2014;289:34378
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Preconditioning stimuli induce autophagy via sphingosine kinase 2 in mouse cortical neurons.
Authors: Sheng Et al.
Oncotarget 2014;289:20845
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N-nitroso-N-ethylurea activates DNA damage surveillance pathways and induces transformation in mammalian cells.
Authors: Satish Et al.
BMC Cancer 2014;14:287
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Wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) forestalls cellular premature senescence at physiological oxygen levels by regulating DNA damage response signaling during DNA replication.
Authors: Sakai Et al.
Cell Cycle 2014;13:1015
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Repair of DNA strand breaks in a minichromosome in vivo: kinetics, modeling, and effects of inhibitors.
Authors: Ronald Et al.
PLoS One 2013;8:e52966
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SMC1-mediated intra-S-phase arrest facilitates bocavirus DNA replication.
Authors: Luo Et al.
J Virol 2013;87:4017
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Human papillomavirus episome stability is reduced by aphidicolin and controlled by DNA damage response pathways.
Authors: Edwards Et al.
J Virol 2013;87:3979
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Targeting XRCC1 deficiency in breast cancer for personalized therapy.
Authors: Sultana Et al.
Cancer Res 2013;73:1621
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ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitors delay plant growth by triggering early differentiation of meristematic cells but no developmental patterning change.
Authors: Montané and Menand
Nat Chem Biol 2013;64:4361
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Senataxin, defective in the neurodegenerative disorder ataxia with oculomotor apraxia 2, lies at the interface of transcription and the DNA damage response.
Authors: Yüce and West
Mol Cell Biol 2013;33:406
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Functional intersection of ATM and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit in coding end joining during V(D)J recombination.
Authors: Lee Et al.
PLoS One 2013;33:3568
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Mechanism of DNA resection during intrachromosomal recombination and immunoglobulin class switching.
Authors: Bothmer Et al.
Chembiochem 2013;210:115
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Hairpin-end conformation of adeno-associated virus genome determines interactions with DNA-repair pathways.
Authors: Cataldi and McCarty
J Biol Chem 2013;20:686
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Ionizing radiation enhances dl922-947-mediated cell death of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells.
Authors: Passaro Et al.
Endocr Relat Cancer 2013;20:633
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A new method for high-resolution imaging of Ku foci to decipher mechanisms of DNA double-strand break repair.
Authors: Britton Et al.
J Cell Biol 2013;202:579
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E1a promotes c-Myc-dependent replicative stress: implications in glioblastoma radiosensitization.
Authors: Valero Et al.
Cell Cycle 2013;13:52
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The heterogenic final cell cycle of chicken retinal Lim1 horizontal cells is not regulated by the DNA damage response pathway.
Authors: Fard Et al.
Cell Cycle 2013;13:408
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Functional redundancy between the XLF and DNA-PKcs DNA repair factors in V(D)J recombination and nonhomologous DNA end joining.
Authors: Oksenych Et al.
J Biol Chem 2013;110:2234
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Role of 53BP1 oligomerization in regulating double-strand break repair.
Authors: Lottersberger Et al.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013;110:2146
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ATM and MET kinases are synthetic lethal with nongenotoxic activation of p53.
Authors: Sullivan Et al.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012;8:646
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Mechanism-based screen establishes signalling framework for DNA damage-associated G1 checkpoint response.
Authors: Richardson Et al.
PLoS One 2012;7:e31627
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PIDD death-domain phosphorylation by ATM controls prodeath versus prosurvival PIDDosome signaling.
Authors: Ando Et al.
Mol Cell 2012;47:681
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SPOC1 modulates DNA repair by regulating key determinants of chromatin compaction and DNA damage response.
Authors: Mund Et al.
Nucleic Acids Res 2012;40:11363
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Targeting protein for xenopus kinesin-like protein 2 (TPX2) regulates γ-histone 2AX (γ-H2AX) levels upon ionizing radiation.
Authors: Neumayer Et al.
J Biol Chem 2012;287:42206
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Regulation of SIRT1 activity by genotoxic stress.
Authors: Yuan Et al.
Genes Dev 2012;26:791
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Kinase-dead ATM protein causes genomic instability and early embryonic lethality in mice.
Authors: Yamamoto Et al.
J Virol 2012;198:305
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Telomeric DNA damage is irreparable and causes persistent DNA-damage-response activation.
Authors: Fumagalli Et al.
Nat Cell Biol 2012;14:355
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Detection of early Abl kinase activation after ionizing radiation by using a peptide biosensor.
Authors: Tang Et al.
Mol Cell Biol 2012;13:665
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Synthetic lethal targeting of DNA double-strand break repair deficient cells by human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease inhibitors.
Authors: Sultana Et al.
Int J Cancer 2012;131:2433
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Re-replication induced by geminin depletion occurs from G2 and is enhanced by checkpoint activation.
Authors: Klotz-Noack Et al.
J Cell Sci 2012;125:2436
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Preclinical development of the novel Chk1 inhibitor SCH900776 in combination with DNA-damaging agents and antimetabolites.
Authors: Alan Et al.
Mol Cancer Ther 2012;11:427-38
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Role for Rif1 in the checkpoint response to damaged DNA in Xenopus egg extracts.
Authors: Kumar Et al.
Cell Cycle 2012;11:1183
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Oncolytic virus-mediated manipulation of DNA damage responses: synergy with chemotherapy in killing glioblastoma stem cells.
Authors: Kanai Et al.
J Natl Cancer Inst 2012;104:42
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Parvovirus B19 infection of human primary erythroid progenitor cells triggers ATR-Chk1 signaling, which promotes B19 virus replication.
Authors: Luo Et al.
J Virol 2011;85:8046
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γ-Radiation promotes immunological recognition of cancer cells through increased expression of cancer-testis antigens in vitro and in vivo.
Authors: Sharma Et al.
Gene Ther 2011;6:e28217
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The phenotypic radiation resistance of CD44+/CD24(-or low) breast cancer cells is mediated through the enhanced activation of ATM signaling.
Authors: Yin and Glass
PLoS One 2011;6:e24080
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Differential inhibitor sensitivity between human kinases VRK1 and VRK2.
Authors: Vázquez-Cedeira Et al.
PLoS One 2011;6:e23235
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H2AX prevents CtIP-mediated DNA end resection and aberrant repair in G1-phase lymphocytes.
Authors: Helmink Et al.
Nature 2011;469:245
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Identification of small molecule inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and autophagy.
Authors: Farkas Et al.
J Biol Chem 2011;286:38904
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Abrogation of Wip1 expression by RITA-activated p53 potentiates apoptosis induction via activation of ATM and inhibition of HdmX.
Authors: H Et al.
Cell Death Differ 2011;18:1736-45
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Doxorubicin bypasses the cytoprotective effects of eIF2α phosphorylation and promotes PKR-mediated cell death.
Authors: Peidis Et al.
Cell Death Differ 2011;18:145
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An ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase mediated response to DNA damage down-regulates the mRNA-binding potential of THOC5.
Authors: Anthony D Et al.
RNA 2011;17:1957-66
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Differential effects of DNA double-strand break repair pathways on single-strand and self-complementary adeno-associated virus vector genomes.
Authors: Cataldi and McCarty
J Exp Med 2010;84:8673
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Selenium compounds activate ATM-dependent DNA damage response via the mismatch repair protein hMLH1 in colorectal cancer cells.
Authors: Qi Et al.
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010;285:33010
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DNA damage-mediated induction of a chemoresistant niche.
Authors: Michael T Et al.
Cell 2010;143:355-66
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