Recombinant Human Proinsulin Protein, CF Summary
Product Specifications
Phe25-Asn110, with an N-terminal Met, 6-His tag and Lys
Analysis
Product Datasheets
Carrier Free
CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.
In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.
1336-PN
| Formulation | Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS. |
| Reconstitution | Reconstitute at 100 μg/mL in sterile PBS. |
| Shipping | The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. |
| Stability & Storage: | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
|
Reconstitution Calculator
Background: Proinsulin
Proinsulin is synthesized as a single chain, 110 amino acid (aa) preproprecursor that contains a 24 aa signal sequence and an 86 aa proinsulin propeptide. Following removal of the signal peptide, the proinsulin peptide undergoes further proteolysis to generate mature insulin, a 51 aa disulfide-linked dimer that consists of a 30 aa B chain (aa 25 - 54) bound to a 21 aa A chain (aa 90 - 110). The 34 aa intervening peptide (aa 55 - 89) that connects the B and A chains is termed the C-peptide. Human proinsulin shares 84% and 80% aa sequence identity with rat and bovine proinsulin, respectively. Most of the sequence variation between species occurs in the region of the C-peptide (1). This peptide generates a structural conformation that allows for the correct formation of the intrachain disulphide bonds (1). Insulin is a molecule that facilitates the cellular uptake of glucose. This is accomplished by regulating the appearance of membrane glucose transporters. Low insulin levels or lack of insulin are associated with type 2 and type 1 diabetes mellitus, respectively. These conditions are associated with an increased risk for microvascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy (3). Proinsulin also circulates, but its physiologic role is less well understood. It does possess about 25% of the activity of mature insulin, but it would seem unlikely to be a natural substitute for insulin (4). In type 2 diabetes, an elevated proinsulin to insulin ratio in the circulation is a well-known abnormality (5 - 9). Perhaps this abnormality represents either compromised proteolytic processing or a general inability to process increased levels of insulin precursor (5). In any event, proinsulin will stimulate amylin secretion by beta -cells, and amyloid formation in pancreatic islets that promotes decreased beta cell function (10). Studies also suggest that fasting serum proinsulin may be a better predictor of future type 2 diabetes than fasting insulin levels in obese children (11).
- Bell, G.I. et al. (1980) Nature 284:26.
- Barbetti, F. et al. (1990) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 71:164.
- Forst, T. et al. (2008) Exp. Diabetes Res. 2008:176245.
- Steffes, M.W. et al. (2003) Diabetes Care 26:832.
- Roder, M.E. et al. (1999) Diabetes Care 22:609.
- Porte, D. Jr. (1991) Diabetes 40:166.
- Gordon, P. et al. (1974) Diabetologia 34:483.
- Saad, M.F. et al. (1990) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 70:1247.
- Roder, M.E. et al. (1995) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80:2359.
- Dworacka, M. et al. (2006) Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 44:14.
- Kamoda, T. et al. (2006) Diabetes Obes. Metab. 8:192.
Citations for Recombinant Human Proinsulin Protein, CF
R&D Systems personnel manually curate a database that contains references using R&D Systems products. The data collected includes not only links to publications in PubMed, but also provides information about sample types, species, and experimental conditions.
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Citations: Showing 1 - 10
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Prohormone convertase 1/3 deficiency causes obesity due to impaired proinsulin processing
Authors: DT Meier, L Rachid, SJ Wiedemann, S Traub, K Trimiglioz, M Stawiski, L Sauteur, DV Winter, C Le Foll, C Brégère, R Guzman, A Odermatt, M Böni-Schne, MY Donath
Nature Communications, 2022-08-13;13(1):4761.
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: In Vivo
Applications: In Vivo -
ERp29 as a regulator of Insulin biosynthesis
Authors: J Viviano, M Brecker, C Ferrara-Co, L Suaud, RC Rubenstein
PLoS ONE, 2020-05-20;15(5):e0233502.
Species: Mouse
Sample Types:
Applications: Western Blot Control -
ICA512 RESP18 homology domain is a protein condensing factor and insulin fibrillation inhibitor
Authors: PL Toledo, JM Torkko, A Müller, C Wegbrod, A Sönmez, M Solimena, MR Ermácora
J. Biol. Chem., 2019-04-12;0(0):.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Biodistribution, activation, and retention of proinsulin-transferrin fusion protein in the liver: Mechanism of liver-targeting as an insulin prodrug
Authors: Y Liu, HY Wang, L Zhou, Y Su, WC Shen
J Control Release, 2018-02-20;275(0):186-191.
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Cell Culture -
Oxidation of protein-bound methionine in Photofrin-photodynamic therapy-treated human tumor cells explored by methionine-containing peptide enrichment and quantitative proteomics approach
Authors: YJ Hsieh, KY Chien, IF Yang, IN Lee, CC Wu, TY Huang, JS Yu
Sci Rep, 2017-05-02;7(1):1370.
Applications: Bioassay -
Development of a Rapid Insulin Assay by Homogenous Time-Resolved Fluorescence.
Authors: Farino Z, Morgenstern T, Vallaghe J, Gregor N, Donthamsetti P, Harris P, Pierre N, Freyberg R, Charrier-Savournin F, Javitch J, Freyberg Z
PLoS ONE, 2016-02-05;11(2):e0148684.
Species: Rat
Sample Types: Cell Culture Supernates
Applications: ELISA (Standard) -
Identification of Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide as a BACE2 Substrate.
Authors: Rulifson I, Cao P, Miao L, Kopecky D, Huang L, White R, Samayoa K, Gardner J, Wu X, Chen K, Tsuruda T, Homann O, Baribault H, Yamane H, Carlson T, Wiltzius J, Li Y
PLoS ONE, 2016-02-03;11(2):e0147254.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Protein
Applications: Bioassay -
Induction of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in human dendritic cells by a cholera toxin B subunit-proinsulin vaccine.
Authors: Mbongue J, Nicholas D, Zhang K, Kim N, Hamilton B, Larios M, Zhang G, Umezawa K, Firek A, Langridge W
PLoS ONE, 2015-02-25;10(2):e0118562.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Enhanced insulin sensitivity associated with provision of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids in skeletal muscle cells involves counter modulation of PP2A.
Authors: Nardi F, Lipina C, Magill D, Hage Hassan R, Hajduch E, Gray A, Hundal H
PLoS ONE, 2014-03-14;9(3):e92255.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Proinsulin-transferrin fusion protein as a novel long-acting insulin analog for the inhibition of hepatic glucose production.
Authors: Wang, Yan, Shao, Juntang, Zaro, Jennica, Shen, Wei-Chia
Diabetes, 2013-12-18;63(5):1779-88.
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: In Vivo
Applications: In Vivo
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