Human GDF-3 Antibody Summary
Ala251-Gly364
Accession # Q9NR23
Applications
Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application. General Protocols are available in the Technical Information section on our website.
Scientific Data
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GDF‑3 in BG01V Human Embryonic Stem Cells. GDF-3 was detected in immersion fixed BG01V human embryonic stem cells using Mouse Anti-Human GDF-3 Mono-clonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB5754) at 10 µg/mL for 3 hours at room temperature. Cells were stained using the Northern-Lights™ 557-conjugated Anti-Mouse IgG Secondary Antibody (red; Catalog # NL007) and counterstained with DAPI (blue). Specific staining was localized to cytoplasm. View our protocol for Fluorescent ICC Staining of Cells on Coverslips.
Reconstitution Calculator
Preparation and Storage
- 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
- 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
- 6 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
Background: GDF-3
GDF-3 (previously called Vgr-2) is a TGF-beta superfamily member belonging to the growth/differentiation factor family (1, 2). GDF-3 is expressed in undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells, white adipose tissue and the brain (2-4). The 364 amino acid (aa) human GDF-3 contains a 21 aa signal sequence, a 229 aa propeptide and a 114 aa mature region that contains one potential N-glycosylation site. The mature region contains a cysteine-knot structure that is conserved throughout family members. However, it lacks the fourth cysteine which is responsible for the formation of an inter-molecular disulfide bond, so GDF-3 may exist as a non-covalent homodimer (2, 5). Mature human GDF-3 shares 83%, 83%, 91%, 92% and 93% aa identity with mouse, rat, bovine, canine and equine GDF-3, respectively. Most of GDF-3 is present as the uncleaved prepro form (6). The uncleaved and the mature forms both appear to have activity, but that activity may differ (5-8). All forms can oppose BMPs. In human ES cells, inhibition of BMP-2 signaling by GDF-3 maintains pluripotency (5, 7). GDF-3 also influences early cell fate decisions; for example, deletion of mouse GDF-3 produces defects in the anterior visceral endoderm of the pre-gastrulation embryo (6-8). GDF-3 cooperates with GDF-1 in embryogenesis, and the mature protein has nodal-like activity (8, 9). Although GDF family members signal through BMP receptors (ALK-1, -2, -3 and -6), which activate Smads 1, 5 and 8, GDF-3 signaling through ALK-4 and ALK-7, which activate Smads 2 and 3, has also been reported (9, 10). In adipocytes, GDF-3 is induced by a high fat diet, promoting adipogenesis and obesity (3, 10, 11).
- Levine, A.J. and A.H. Brivanlou (2006) Cell Cycle 5:1069.
- McPherron, A.C. and S.-J. Lee (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268:3444.
- Wang, W. et al. (2004) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 321:1024.
- Hexige, S. et al. (2005) Neurosci. Lett. 389:83.
- Levine, A.J. et al. (2009) Dev. Biol. 325:43.
- Levine, A.J. and A.H. Brivanlou (2005) Development 133:209.
- Peerani, R. et al. (2007) EMBO J. 26:4744.
- Chen, C. et al. (2006) Development 133:319.
- Andersson, O. et al. (2007) Dev. Biol. 311:500.
- Andersson, O. et al. (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:7252.
- Shen, J.J. et al. (2009) Mol. Endocrinol. 23:113.
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