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Human/Mouse Gremlin Antibody

Catalog #: AF956
17 Citations 1 Review Datasheet / COA / SDS
Catalog # Availability Size / Price Qty
AF956
AF956-SP
Gremlin in Human Breast Cancer Tissue.
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Product Details
Citations (17)
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Supplemental Products
Reviews (1)
Summary Data Examples Preparation and Storage Reconstitution Calculator Background Product Datasheets Related Research Areas

Human/Mouse Gremlin Antibody Summary

Species Reactivity
Human, Mouse
Specificity
Detects human and mouse Gremlin in direct ELISAs.
Source
Polyclonal Goat IgG
Purification
Antigen Affinity-purified
Immunogen
Mouse myeloma cell line NS0-derived recombinant mouse Gremlin
Lys25-Asp184
Accession # O70326
Formulation
Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with Trehalose. *Small pack size (SP) is supplied either lyophilized or as a 0.2 µm filtered solution in PBS.
Endotoxin Level
<0.10 EU per 1 μg of the antibody by the LAL method.
Label
Unconjugated

Applications

Recommended Concentration
Sample
Immunohistochemistry
3-15 µg/mL
See below
Blockade of Receptor-ligand Interaction
In a functional ELISA, 1-3 µg/mL of this antibody will block 50% of the binding of 100 ng/mL of Recombinant Human BMP-4 (Catalog # 314-BP) to immobilized Recombinant Mouse Gremlin (Catalog # 956-GR) coated at 5 µg/mL (100 µL/well).
 

Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application. General Protocols are available in the Technical Information section on our website.

Scientific Data

Immunohistochemistry Gremlin antibody in Human Breast Cancer Tissue by Immunohistochemistry (IHC-P). View Larger

Gremlin in Human Breast Cancer Tissue. Gremlin was detected in immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human breast cancer tissue using Goat Anti-Human/Mouse Gremlin Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF956) at 3 µg/mL for 1 hour at room temperature followed by incubation with the Anti-Goat IgG VisUCyte™ HRP Polymer Antibody (Catalog # VC004). Before incubation with the primary antibody, tissue was subjected to heat-induced epitope retrieval using Antigen Retrieval Reagent-Basic (Catalog # CTS013). Tissue was stained using DAB (brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). Specific staining was localized to cytoplasm. View our protocol for IHC Staining with VisUCyte HRP Polymer Detection Reagents.

Immunohistochemistry Gremlin antibody in Embryonic Mouse Ribs by Immunohistochemistry (IHC-Fr). View Larger

Gremlin in Embryonic Mouse Ribs. Gremlin was detected in immersion fixed frozen sections of embryonic mouse ribs (15 d.p.c.) using 15 µg/mL Goat Anti-Human/Mouse Gremlin Antigen Affinity-purified Polyclonal Antibody (Catalog # AF956) overnight at 4 °C. Tissue was stained with the Anti-Goat HRP-DAB Cell & Tissue Staining Kit (brown; Catalog # CTS008) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). View our protocol for Chromogenic IHC Staining of Frozen Tissue Sections.

Reconstitution Calculator

Reconstitution Calculator

The reconstitution calculator allows you to quickly calculate the volume of a reagent to reconstitute your vial. Simply enter the mass of reagent and the target concentration and the calculator will determine the rest.

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Preparation and Storage

Reconstitution
Reconstitute at 0.2 mg/mL in sterile PBS.
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Shipping
Lyophilized product is shipped at ambient temperature. Liquid small pack size (-SP) is shipped with polar packs. Upon receipt, store immediately at the temperature recommended below.
Stability & Storage
Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
  • 6 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

Background: Gremlin

Gremlin was identified in a Xenopus expression-cloning screen as a dorsalizing factor that can induce a secondary axis. A rat homolog, called Drm, was identified as a cDNA that was downregulated in v-mos transfected cells. Gremlin/Drm belongs to the DAN family of secreted glycoproteins that are BMP antagonists. Other members of the family include: cerberus, Dante, PRDC, caronte and DAN. DAN family members share a cysteine-rich domain that is structurally related to the cysteine-knot motif found in TGF-beta superfamily ligands. In vitro, Gremlin/Drm binds BMP-4 and BMP-2 indicating that it might interfere with BMP signaling. Gremlin/Drm acts as a BMP-2/4 antagonist in a variety of tissues and developmental processes including: Xenopus animal cap explants, chick limb bud outgrowth and chondrogenesis, murine lung branching morphogenesis, and osteogenic differentiation of mouse myoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells. In addition, expression of Gremlin/Drm has been shown to be downregulated in a wide range of human cancer cell lines. Mouse, human, chick and Xenopus homologs of Gremlin share over 80% amino acid identity. It is likely that various DAN family members and other BMP antagonists including Noggin, Chordin, Follistatin and TSG can selectively antagonize the activities of different subsets of TGF-beta superfamily ligands.

References
  1. Hsu, D.R. et al. (1998) Mol. Cell 1:673.
  2. Merino, R. et al. (1999) Development 126:5515.
  3. Shi, W. et al. (2001) Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 280:L1030.
  4. Topol, L.Z. et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275:8785.
Entrez Gene IDs
26585 (Human); 23892 (Mouse)
Alternate Names
Cell proliferation-inducing gene 2 protein; CKTSF1B1gremlin 1, cysteine knot superfamily, homolog; Cysteine knot superfamily 1, BMP antagonist 1gremlin 1, cysteine knot superfamily, homolog (Xenopus laevis); DAN domain family member 2; DAND2; DAND2GREMLIN; Down-regulated in Mos-transformed cells protein; DRM; DRMMGC126660; GREM1; gremlin 1; gremlin 1-like protein; Gremlin; gremlin-1; IHG-2; Increased in high glucose protein 2; increased in high glucose-2; proliferation-inducing gene 2

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Citations for Human/Mouse Gremlin Antibody

R&D Systems personnel manually curate a database that contains references using R&D Systems products. The data collected includes not only links to publications in PubMed, but also provides information about sample types, species, and experimental conditions.

17 Citations: Showing 1 - 10
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  1. Fibroblast-derived Gremlin1 localises to epithelial cells at the base of the intestinal crypt
    Authors: Louise R. Dutton, Owen P. Hoare, Amy M.B. McCorry, Keara L. Redmond, Noor Eisa Adam, Shannon Canamara et al.
    Oncotarget
  2. Gremlin-1 Overexpression in Mouse Lung Reduces Silica-Induced Lymphocyte Recruitment – A Link to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis through Negative Correlation with CXCL10 Chemokine
    Authors: Katri Koli, Eva Sutinen, Mikko Rönty, Pia Rantakari, Vittorio Fortino, Ville Pulkkinen et al.
    PLOS ONE
  3. The BMP antagonist gremlin 1 contributes to the development of cortical excitatory neurons, motor balance and fear responses
    Authors: Mari Ichinose, Nobumi Suzuki, Tongtong Wang, Hiroki Kobayashi, Laura Vrbanac, Jia Q. Ng et al.
    Development
  4. Roles of Gremlin 1 and Gremlin 2 in regulating ovarian primordial to primary follicle transition
    Authors: Eric E. Nilsson, Ginger Larsen, Michael K. Skinner
    REPRODUCTION
  5. Targeting Gremlin 1 Prevents Intestinal Fibrosis Progression by Inhibiting the Fatty Acid Oxidation of Fibroblast Cells
    Authors: Yang Yang, Qi-Shan Zeng, Min Zou, Jian Zeng, Jiao Nie, DongFeng Chen et al.
    Frontiers in Pharmacology
  6. Excessive mechanical loading promotes osteoarthritis through the gremlin-1-NF- kappa B pathway.
    Authors: Chang Song Ho, Mori Daisuke, Kobayashi Hiroshi et al.
    Frontiers in Immunology
  7. TAF15 regulates the BRD4/GREM1 axis and activates the gremlin-1-NF-kappa B pathway to promote OA progression
    Authors: Du, X;Xin, R;Chen, X;Wang, G;Huang, C;Zhou, K;Zhang, S;
    Regenerative Therapy
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Cell Lysates
    Applications: Western Blot
  8. Dynamic and adaptive cancer stem cell population admixture in colorectal neoplasia
    Authors: EG Vasquez, N Nasreddin, GN Valbuena, EJ Mulholland, HL Belnoue-Da, HR Eggington, RO Schenck, VM Wouters, P Wirapati, K Gilroy, TRM Lannagan, DJ Flanagan, AK Najumudeen, S Omwenga, AMB McCorry, A Easton, VH Koelzer, JE East, D Morton, L Trusolino, T Maughan, AD Campbell, MB Loughrey, PD Dunne, P Tsantoulis, DJ Huels, S Tejpar, OJ Sansom, SJ Leedham
    Cell Stem Cell, 2022-08-04;29(8):1213-1228.e8.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: Whole Tissue
    Applications: IHC
  9. Distinct fibroblast subsets regulate lacteal integrity through YAP/TAZ-induced VEGF-C in intestinal villi
    Authors: SP Hong, MJ Yang, H Cho, I Park, H Bae, K Choe, SH Suh, RH Adams, K Alitalo, D Lim, GY Koh
    Nat Commun, 2020-08-14;11(1):4102.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: Whole Tissue
    Applications: IHC
  10. Vital Roles of Gremlin-1 in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Induced by Systemic-to-Pulmonary Shunts
    Authors: L Meng, X Teng, Y Liu, C Yang, S Wang, W Yuan, J Meng, H Chi, L Duan, X Liu
    J Am Heart Assoc, 2020-07-31;9(15):e016586.
    Species: Human, Rat
    Sample Types: Whole Cells, Whole Tissue
    Applications: Functional Assay, IHC, Neutralization
  11. The role of Bmp2 in the maturation and maintenance of the murine knee joint
    Authors: LW Gamer, S Pregizer, J Gamer, M Feigenson, A Ionescu, Q Li, L Han, V Rosen
    J. Bone Miner. Res., 2018-06-13;0(0):.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: Whole Tissue
    Applications: IHC-P
  12. Multi-physics interactions drive VEGFR2 relocation on endothelial cells
    Authors: V Damioli, A Salvadori, GP Beretta, C Ravelli, S Mitola
    Sci Rep, 2017-12-01;7(1):16700.
    Species: Bovine
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: ICC
  13. Tubular overexpression of gremlin induces renal damage susceptibility in mice.
    Authors: Droguett A, Krall P, Burgos M, Valderrama G, Carpio D, Ardiles L, Rodriguez-Diez R, Kerr B, Walz K, Ruiz-Ortega M, Egido J, Mezzano S
    PLoS ONE, 2014-07-18;9(7):e101879.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: ICC
  14. A concentration-dependent endocytic trap and sink mechanism converts Bmper from an activator to an inhibitor of Bmp signaling.
    Authors: Kelley R, Ren R, Pi X, Wu Y, Moreno I, Willis M, Moser M, Ross M, Podkowa M, Attisano L, Patterson C
    J. Cell Biol., 2009-02-16;184(4):597-609.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: Cell Lysates
    Applications: Western Blot
  15. Bone morphogenic protein antagonist Drm/gremlin is a novel proangiogenic factor.
    Authors: Stabile H, Mitola S, Moroni E, Belleri M, Nicoli S, Coltrini D, Peri F, Pessi A, Orsatti L, Talamo F, Castronovo V, Waltregny D, Cotelli F, Ribatti D, Presta M
    Blood, 2006-10-31;109(5):1834-40.
    Species: Bovine, Human
    Sample Types: Cell Lysates, Whole Tissue
    Applications: IHC-P, Western Blot
  16. Unveiling the transcriptomic landscape and the potential antagonist feedback mechanisms of TGF-beta superfamily signaling module in bone and osteoporosis
    Authors: Ying-Wen Wang, Wen-Yu Lin, Fang-Ju Wu, Ching-Wei Luo
    Cell Communication and Signaling
  17. Gremlin is a key pro-fibrogenic factor in chronic pancreatitis
    Authors: Dustin Staloch, Xuxia Gao, Ka Liu, Meihua Xu, Xueping Feng, Judith F. Aronson et al.
    Journal of Molecular Medicine

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Mouse Gremlin Antibody
By Ruchi Gupta on 07/09/2018
Application: ELISA Sample Tested: Recombinant protein Species: Human
ELISA Mouse Gremlin Antibody AF956