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Human/Mouse Proinsulin Antibody

Catalog #: MAB13361
9 Citations Datasheet / COA / SDS
Catalog # Availability Size / Price Qty
MAB13361
MAB13361-SP
Proinsulin in beta TC-6 Mouse Cell Line.
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Citations (9)
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Summary Data Examples Preparation and Storage Reconstitution Calculator Background Product Datasheets Related Research Areas

Human/Mouse Proinsulin Antibody Summary

Species Reactivity
Human, Mouse
Specificity
Detects human and mouse Proinsulin. Does not detect mature insulin.
Source
Monoclonal Mouse IgG2A Clone # 253627
Purification
Protein A or G purified from hybridoma culture supernatant
Immunogen
E. coli-derived recombinant human Proinsulin
Phe25-Asn110
Accession # P01308
Formulation
Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with Trehalose. *Small pack size (SP) is supplied either lyophilized or as a 0.2 µm filtered solution in PBS.
Label
Unconjugated

Applications

Recommended Concentration
Sample
Immunohistochemistry
0.5-25 µg/mL
Immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human pancreas
CyTOF-ready
Ready to be labeled using established conjugation methods. No BSA or other carrier proteins that could interfere with conjugation.
 
Immunocytochemistry
8-25 µg/mL
See below
Intracellular Staining by Flow Cytometry
2.5 µg/106 cells
beta TC‑6 mouse beta cell insulinoma cell line fixed with paraformaldehyde and permeabilized with saponin

Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application. General Protocols are available in the Technical Information section on our website.

Scientific Data

Immunocytochemistry Proinsulin antibody in beta TC-6 Mouse Cell Line by Immunocytochemistry (ICC). View Larger

Proinsulin in beta TC-6 Mouse Cell Line. Proinsulin was detected in immersion fixed beta TC-6 mouse beta cell insulinoma cell line using Mouse Anti-Human/Mouse Proinsulin Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB13361) at 10 µg/mL for 3 hours at room temperature. Cells were stained using the NorthernLights™ 557-conjugated Anti-Mouse IgG Secondary Antibody (red; Catalog # NL007) and counterstained with DAPI (blue). Specific staining was localized to cytoplasm. View our protocol for Fluorescent ICC Staining of Cells on Coverslips.

Immunohistochemistry View Larger

Proinsulin in Human Pancreas. Proinsulin was detected in immersion fixed paraffin-embedded sections of human pancreas using Mouse Anti-Human/Mouse Proinsulin Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # MAB13361) at 0.5 µg/mL for 1 hour at room temperature followed by incubation with the Anti-Mouse IgG VisUCyte™ HRP Polymer Antibody (VC001). Before incubation with the primary antibody, tissue was subjected to heat-induced epitope retrieval using Antigen Retrieval Reagent-Basic (CTS013). Tissue was stained using DAB (brown) and counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). Specific staining was localized to cytoplasm and plasma membrane in islet cells. Staining was performed using our protocol for IHC Staining with VisUCyte HRP Polymer Detection Reagents.

Reconstitution Calculator

Reconstitution Calculator

The reconstitution calculator allows you to quickly calculate the volume of a reagent to reconstitute your vial. Simply enter the mass of reagent and the target concentration and the calculator will determine the rest.

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Preparation and Storage

Reconstitution
Reconstitute at 0.5 mg/mL in sterile PBS.
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Shipping
Lyophilized product is shipped at ambient temperature. Liquid small pack size (-SP) is shipped with polar packs. Upon receipt, store immediately at the temperature recommended below.
Stability & Storage
Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
  • 6 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

Background: Proinsulin

Proinsulin is synthesized as a single chain, 110 amino acid (aa) preproprecursor that contains a 24 aa signal sequence and an 86 aa proinsulin propeptide. Following removal of the signal peptide, the proinsulin peptide undergoes further proteolysis to generate mature insulin, a 51 aa disulfide-linked dimer that consists of a 30 aa B chain (aa 25‑54) bound to a 21 aa A chain (aa 90‑110). The 34 aa intervening peptide (aa 55‑89) that connects the B and A chains is termed the C-peptide. Human proinsulin shares 84% and 80% aa sequence identity with rat and bovine proinsulin, respectively. Most of the sequence variation between species occurs in the region of the C-peptide (1). This peptide generates a structural conformation that allows for the correct formation of the intrachain disulphide bonds (1). Insulin is a molecule that facilitates the cellular uptake of glucose. This is accomplished by regulating the appearance of membrane glucose transporters. Low insulin levels or lack of insulin are associated with type 2 and type 1 diabetes mellitus, respectively. These conditions are associated with an increased risk for microvascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy (3). Proinsulin also circulates, but its physiologic role is less well understood. It does possess about 25% of the activity of mature insulin, but it would seem unlikely to be a natural substitute for insulin (4). In type 2 diabetes, an elevated proinsulin to insulin ratio in the circulation is a well-known abnormality (5‑9). Perhaps this abnormality represents either compromised proteolytic processing or a general inability to process increased levels of insulin precursor (5). In any event, proinsulin will stimulate amylin secretion by beta -cells, and amyloid formation in pancreatic islets that promotes decreased beta cell function (10). Studies also suggest that fasting serum proinsulin may be a better predictor of future type 2 diabetes than fasting insulin levels in obese children (11).

References
  1. Bell, G.I. et al. (1980) Nature 284:26.
  2. Barbetti, F. et al. (1990) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 71:164.
  3. Forst, T. et al. (2008) Exp. Diabetes Res. 2008:176245.
  4. Steffes, M.W. et al. (2003) Diabetes Care 26:832.
  5. Roder, M.E. et al. (1999) Diabetes Care 22:609.
  6. Porte, D. Jr. (1991) Diabetes 40:166.
  7. Gordon, P. et al. (1974) Diabetologia 34:483.
  8. Saad, M.F. et al. (1990) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 70:1247.
  9. Roder, M.E. et al. (1995) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80:2359.
  10. Dworacka, M. et al. (2006) Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 44:14.
  11. Kamoda, T. et al. (2006) Diabetes Obes. Metab. 8:192.
Entrez Gene IDs
3630 (Human); 16333 (Mouse)
Alternate Names
IDDM2; ILPR; insulin; IRDN; MODY10; Proinsulin

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Citations for Human/Mouse Proinsulin Antibody

R&D Systems personnel manually curate a database that contains references using R&D Systems products. The data collected includes not only links to publications in PubMed, but also provides information about sample types, species, and experimental conditions.

9 Citations: Showing 1 - 9
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  1. Glycerate from intestinal fructose metabolism induces islet cell damage and glucose intolerance
    Authors: Wu Y, Wong CW, Chiles EN Et al.
    Cell Metab
  2. Amino acids-Rab1A-mTORC1 signaling controls whole-body glucose homeostasis
    Authors: Zhang X, Wang X, Yuan Z et al.
    Cell reports
  3. Insulin synthesized in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus regulates pituitary growth hormone production
    Authors: J Lee, K Kim, JH Cho, JY Bae, TP O'Leary, JD Johnson, YC Bae, EK Kim
    JCI Insight, 2020-08-20;0(0):.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: ICC
  4. Proinsulin-expressing dendritic cells in type 2 neuropathic diabetic patients with and without foot lesions
    Authors: M Sambataro, L Sambado, E Trevisiol, M Cacciatore, A Furlan, PM Stefani, E Seganfredd, E Durante, S Conte, S Della Bell, A Paccagnell, AP Dei Tos
    FASEB J., 2018-02-12;0(0):fj201701279RR.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Flow Cytometry, ICC
  5. A TLR9 agonist promotes IL-22-dependent pancreatic islet allograft survival in type 1 diabetic mice
    Nat Commun, 2016-12-16;7(0):13896.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Flow Cytometry
  6. Sox17 regulates insulin secretion in the normal and pathologic mouse beta cell.
    Authors: Jonatan D, Spence J, Method A, Kofron M, Sinagoga K, Haataja L, Arvan P, Deutsch G, Wells J
    PLoS ONE, 2014-08-21;9(8):e104675.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: Whole Tissue
    Applications: IHC-Fr
  7. PICK1 and ICA69 control insulin granule trafficking and their deficiencies lead to impaired glucose tolerance.
    Authors: Cao M, Mao Z, Kam C, Xiao N, Cao X, Shen C, Cheng K, Xu A, Lee K, Jiang L, Xia J
    PLoS Biol, 2013-04-23;11(4):e1001541.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: Tissue Homogenates
    Applications: Western Blot
  8. Promotion of beta-cell differentiation in pancreatic precursor cells by adult islet cells.
    Authors: Chen W, Begum S, Opare-Addo L
    Endocrinology, 2008-10-09;150(2):570-9.
    Species: Human, Mouse
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Flow Cytometry
  9. Perinatal exposure to high dietary advanced glycation end products in transgenic NOD8.3 mice leads to pancreatic beta cell dysfunction
    Authors: Danielle J. Borg, Felicia Y. T. Yap, Sahar Keshvari, David G. Simmons, Linda A. Gallo, Amelia K. Fotheringham et al.
    Islets

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