Recombinant Human PD-1 His-tag Avi-tag Protein, CF
Recombinant Human PD-1 His-tag Avi-tag Protein, CF Summary
Learn more about Avi-tag Biotinylated ProteinsWhy choose R&D Systems Avi-tag PD-1 Protein?
- Guaranteed Bioactivity and High Purity: Bioactivity tested by functional ELISA and purity determined by SDS-PAGE to be greater than 95%.
- Lot-to-Lot Consistency: Stringent QC testing performed on each lot to ensure consistent activity and purity.
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- Most Respected, Most Cited Brand in Proteins: With over 35 years of providing the best recombinant proteins to the scientific community, R&D Systems continues to lead the industry in quality, activity, and purity.
Find the Fc Chimera Avi-tag PD-1 protein here Fc Chimera Avi-tag PD-1 Protein
Product Specifications
| Human PD-1 (Leu25-Thr168) Accession # Q15116.3 | HHHHHH | Avi-tag |
| N-terminus | C-terminus | |
Analysis
Product Datasheets
Carrier Free
CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.
In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.
AVI8986
| Formulation | Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with Trehalose. |
| Reconstitution | Reconstitute at 200 μg/mL in PBS. |
| Shipping | The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. |
| Stability & Storage: | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
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Scientific Data
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In a functional flow cytometry test, (A) Recombinant Human PD-1 His-tag Avi-tag Protein (Catalog # AVI8986) binds to HEK293 human embryonic kidney cell line transfected with recombinant human PD-L1 and EGFP. Ligand binding was detected by staining cells with APC-conjugated Streptavidin (Catalog # F0050), which does not stain the cells in the absence of recombinant protein (B).
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2 μg/lane of Biotinylated Recombinant Human PD‑1 His-Tag Avi-tag was resolved with SDS-PAGE under reducing (R) and non-reducing (NR) conditions and visualized by Coomassie® Blue staining, showing bands at 28-45 kDa.
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Avi-tag Biotinylated Recombinant Human PD-1 His protein (Catalog # AVI8986) was immobilized on a Biacore Sensor Chip CM5 via the Avi-tag biotin, and binding to Recombinant Human PD-L2 His protein (9075-PL) was measured at a concentration range between 5.07 nM and 2.60 µM. The double-referenced sensorgram was fit to a 1:1 binding model to determine the binding kinetics and affinity, with an affinity constant of KD=0.173 µM.
Reconstitution Calculator
Background: PD-1
Programmed Death-1 receptor (PD-1), also known as CD279, is type I transmembrane protein belonging to the CD28 family of immune regulatory receptors (1). Other members of this family include CD28, CTLA-4, ICOS, and BTLA (2-5). Mature human PD-1 consists of a 148 amino acid (aa) extracellular region (ECD) with one immunoglobulin-like V-type domain, a 24 aa transmembrane domain, and a 95 aa cytoplasmic region. The human PD-1 ECD shares 65% aa sequence identity with the mouse PD-1 ECD. The cytoplasmic tail contains two tyrosine residues that form the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM) that are important for mediating PD-1 signaling. PD-1 acts as a monomeric receptor and interacts in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio with its ligands PD-L1 (B7-H1) and PD-L2 (B7-DC) (6, 7). PD‑1 is expressed on activated T cells, B cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells while PD-L1 expression is constitutive on the same cells and also on nonhematopoietic cells such as lung endothelial cells and hepatocytes (8, 9). Ligation of PD-L1 with PD-1 induces co-inhibitory signals on T cells promoting their apoptosis, anergy, and functional exhaustion (10). Thus, the PD-1: PD-L1 interaction is a key regulator of the threshold of immune response and peripheral immune tolerance (11). Finally, blockade of the PD-1: PD-L1 interaction by either antibodies or genetic manipulation accelerates tumor eradication and shows potential for improving cancer immunotherapy (12, 13, 14).
- Ishida, Y. et al. (1992) EMBO J. 11:3887.
- Sharpe, A.H. and G. J. Freeman (2002) Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2:116.
- Coyle, A. and J. Gutierrez-Ramos (2001) Nat. Immunol. 2:203.
- Nishimura, H. and T. Honjo (2001) Trends Immunol. 22:265.
- Watanabe, N et al. (2003) Nat. Immunol. 4:670.
- Zhang, X. et al. (2004) Immunity 20:337.
- Lázár-Molnár, E. et al. (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:10483.
- Nishimura, H et al. (1996) Int. Immunol. 8:773.
- Keir, M.E. et al. (2008) Annu. Rev. Immunol. 26:677.
- Butte, M.J. et al. (2007) Immunity 27:111.
- Okazaki, T. et al. (2013) Nat. Immunol. 14:1212.
- Iwai, Y. et al. (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:12293.
- Nogrady, B. (2014) Nature 513:S10.
- Swaika, A. et al. (2015) Mol. Immunol. 67:4.
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