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Recombinant Human PlGF Protein

Catalog #: 264-PG
29 Citations 1 Review Datasheet / COA / SDS
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264-PG has been discontinued and is replaced by 264-PGB.

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Recombinant Human PlGF Protein Summary

Product Specifications

Purity
>97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain
Endotoxin Level
<0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.
Activity
Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA. When Recombinant Human VEGF R1/Flt‑1 Fc Chimera, aa 27-328 (Catalog # 3516-FL) is immobilized at 2 μg/mL, 100 μL/well, the concentration of Recombinant Human PlGF that produces 50% of the optimal binding response is approximately 1-6 ng/mL.
Source
E. coli-derived human PlGF protein
Ala21-Arg149
Accession #
CAA38698.1
N-terminal Sequence
Analysis
Ala21
Structure / Form
Disulfide-linked homodimer
Predicted Molecular Mass
14.5 kDa (monomer)
SDS-PAGE
14 kDa, reducing conditions

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264-PG (with carrier)

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264-PG/CF (carrier free)

Discontinued Product

264-PG

Formulation Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in Acetonitrile and TFA with BSA as a carrier protein.
Reconstitution Reconstitute at 100 μg/mL in sterile 4 mM HCl containing at least 0.1% human or bovine serum albumin.
Shipping The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below.
Stability & Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
  • 3 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

Assay Procedure

Materials

Measured by its binding ability in a functional ELISA.

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Background: PlGF

Placenta growth factor (PlGF) is a member of the PDGF/VEGF family of growth factors that share a conserved pattern of eight cysteines (1‑3). Alternate splicing results in at least three human mature PlGF forms containing 131 (PlGF-1), 152 (PlGF-2), and 203 (PlGF-3) amino acids (aa) respectively (1‑3). Only PlGF-2 contains a highly basic heparin-binding 21 aa insert at the C-terminus (1). In the mouse, only one PlGF that is the equivalent of human PlGF-2 has been identified (3). Human PlGF-1 shares 56%, 55%, 74% and 95% aa identity with the appropriate isoform of mouse, rat, canine and equine PlGF. PlGF is mainly found as variably glycosylated, secreted, 55‑60 kDa disulfide linked homodimers (4). Mammalian cells expressing PlGF include villous trophoblasts, decidual cells, erythroblasts, keratinocytes and some endothelial cells (1, 5‑7). Circulating PlGF increases during pregnancy, reaching a peak in mid‑gestation; this increase is attenuated in preeclampsia (8). However, deletion of PlGF in the mouse does not affect development or reproduction. Postnatally, mice lacking PlGF show impaired angiogenesis in response to ischemia (9). PlGF binds and signals through VEGF R1/Flt-1, but not VEGF R2/Flk‑1/KDR, while VEGF binds both but signals only through the angiogenic receptor, VEGF R2. PlGF and VEGF therefore compete for binding to VEGF R1, allowing high PlGF to discourage VEGF/VEGF R1 binding and promote VEGF/VEGF R2-mediated angiogenesis (1, 5, 9, 10). However, PlGF (especially PlGF-1) and some forms of VEGF can form dimers that decrease the angiogenic effect of VEGF on VEGF R2 (4, 5). PlGF-2, but not PLGF‑1, shows heparin-dependent binding of neuropilin (Npn)‑1 and Npn-2 (11, 12). PlGF induces monocyte activation, migration, and production of inflammatory cytokines and VEGF. These activities facilitate wound and bone fracture healing, but also contribute to inflammation in active sickle cell disease and atherosclerosis (6, 7, 9, 13‑16).

References
  1. Hauser, S. and H.A. Weich (1993) Growth Factors 9:259.
  2. Maglione, D. et al (1993) Oncogene 8:925.
  3. DiPalma, T. et al. (1996) Mamm. Genome 7:6.
  4. Eriksson, A. et al. (2002) Cancer Cell 1:99.
  5. Ribatti, D. (2008) Angiogenesis 11:215.
  6. Oura, H. et al. (2003) Blood 101:560.
  7. Roncal, C. et al. (2010) Cardiovasc. Res. 86:29.
  8. Levine, R.J. et al (2004) N. Engl. J. Med. 350:672.
  9. Carmeliet, P. et al. (2001) Nat. Med. 7:575.
  10. Autiero, M. et al. (2003) Nat. Med. 9:936.
  11. Migdal, M. et al. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273:22272.
  12. Cheng, L. et al. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279:30654.
  13. Fischer, C. et al. (2008) Nat. Rev. Cancer 8:942.
  14. Perelman, N. et al. (2003) Blood 102:1506.
  15. Cianfarani, F. et al. (2006) Am. J. Pathol. 169:1167.
  16. Maes, C. et al. (2006) J. Clin. Invest. 116:1230.
Long Name
Placenta Growth Factor
Entrez Gene IDs
5228 (Human); 18654 (Mouse)
Alternate Names
D12S1900; PGF; PGFL; placenta growth factor; placental growth factor; placental growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor-related protein; PlGF; PlGF-2; PLGFplacental growth factor-like; SHGC-10760

Citations for Recombinant Human PlGF Protein

R&D Systems personnel manually curate a database that contains references using R&D Systems products. The data collected includes not only links to publications in PubMed, but also provides information about sample types, species, and experimental conditions.

29 Citations: Showing 1 - 10
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  1. Complement activation by an angiogenic imbalance leads to systemic vascular endothelial dysfunction: A new proposal for the pathophysiology of preeclampsia
    Authors: T Matsuyama, T Tomimatsu, K Mimura, K Yagi, Y Kawanishi, A Kakigano, H Nakamura, M Endo, T Kimura
    Journal of reproductive immunology, 2021-04-15;145(0):103322.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  2. VEGFR-1 Regulates EGF-R to Promote Proliferation in Colon Cancer Cells
    Authors: H Nagano, C Tomida, N Yamagishi, S Teshima-Ko
    Int J Mol Sci, 2019-11-09;20(22):.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  3. Axon Guidance-Related Factor FLRT3 Regulates VEGF-Signaling and Endothelial Cell Function
    Authors: S Jauhiainen, JP Laakkonen, K Ketola, PI Toivanen, T Nieminen, T Ninchoji, AL Levonen, MU Kaikkonen, S Ylä-Herttu
    Front Physiol, 2019-03-12;10(0):224.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  4. Treatment with placental growth factor attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury
    Authors: Y Zhang, C Cao, J Xin, P Lv, D Chen, S Li, H Yang, C Chen, B Liu, Q Li
    PLoS ONE, 2018-09-13;13(9):e0202772.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: In Vivo
    Applications: In Vivo
  5. Blockade of placental growth factor reduces vaso-occlusive complications in murine models of sickle cell disease
    Authors: JM Gu, S Yuan, D Sim, K Abe, P Liu, M Rosenbruch, P Bringmann, K Kauser
    Exp. Hematol., 2018-01-11;0(0):.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Recombinant Protein
    Applications: ELISA (Capture)
  6. Placental growth factor silencing ameliorates liver fibrosis and angiogenesis and inhibits activation of hepatic stellate cells in a murine model of chronic liver disease
    Authors: X Li, QY Yao, HC Liu, QW Jin, BL Xu, SC Zhang, CT Tu
    J. Cell. Mol. Med., 2017-04-05;0(0):.
    Species: Rat
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  7. Elevated expression of placental growth factor is associated with airway-wall vascular remodelling and thickening in smokers with asthma
    Authors: D Wu, T Lai, Y Yuan, M Chen, J Xia, W Li, G Pan, B Yuan, Q Lv, Y Li, D Li, B Wu
    Sci Rep, 2017-02-21;7(0):43017.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  8. Hypoxia-induced responses by endothelial colony-forming cells are modulated by placental growth factor
    Stem Cell Res Ther, 2016-11-29;7(1):173.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  9. MicroRNA 648 Targets ET-1 mRNA and is cotranscriptionally regulated with MICAL3 by PAX5.
    Authors: Li C, Gonsalves C, Eiymo Mwa Mpollo M, Malik P, Tahara S, Kalra V
    Mol Cell Biol, 2014-11-17;35(3):514-28.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  10. Elastase induces lung epithelial cell autophagy through placental growth factor: a new insight of emphysema pathogenesis.
    Authors: Hou H, Cheng S, Chung K, Kuo M, Yeh C, Chang B, Lu H, Wang H, Yu C
    Autophagy, 2014-06-25;10(9):1509-21.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  11. Interaction of mesenchymal stem cells with fibroblast-like synoviocytes via cadherin-11 promotes angiogenesis by enhanced secretion of placental growth factor.
    Authors: Park, Su-Jung, Kim, Ki-Jo, Kim, Wan-Uk, Cho, Chul-Soo
    J Immunol, 2014-02-26;192(7):3003-10.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  12. Characterisation of syncytiotrophoblast vesicles in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia: expression of Flt-1 and endoglin.
    Authors: Tannetta D, Dragovic R, Gardiner C, Redman C, Sargent I
    PLoS ONE, 2013-02-20;8(2):e56754.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  13. Endorepellin, the angiostatic module of perlecan, interacts with both the alpha2beta1 integrin and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2): a dual receptor antagonism.
    Authors: Goyal A, Pal N, Concannon M, Paul M, Doran M, Poluzzi C, Sekiguchi K, Whitelock JM, Neill T, Iozzo RV
    J. Biol. Chem., 2011-05-19;286(29):25947-62.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Recombinant Protein
    Applications: Binding Assay
  14. Placental growth factor neutralising antibodies give limited anti-angiogenic effects in an in vitro organotypic angiogenesis model.
    Authors: Brave SR, Eberlein C, Shibuya M, Wedge SR, Barry ST
    Angiogenesis, 2010-10-16;13(4):337-47.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  15. Placenta growth factor (PlGF), a novel inducer of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in sickle cell disease (SCD).
    Authors: Patel N, Sundaram N, Yang M
    J. Biol. Chem., 2010-03-29;285(22):16713-22.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  16. VEGF-A and VEGF-F evoke distinct changes in vascular ultrastructure.
    Authors: Matsunaga Y, Yamazaki Y, Suzuki H, Morita T
    Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2009-01-04;379(4):872-5.
    Species: Guinea Pig
    Sample Types: In Vivo
    Applications: In Vivo
  17. Modulation of angiogenesis by a tetrameric tripeptide that antagonizes vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1.
    Authors: Ponticelli S, Marasco D, Tarallo V, Albuquerque RJ, Mitola S, Takeda A, Stassen JM, Presta M, Ambati J, Ruvo M, De Falco S
    J. Biol. Chem., 2008-10-15;283(49):34250-9.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: N/A, Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay, ELISA (Standard)
  18. alpha2beta1 integrin expression in the tumor microenvironment enhances tumor angiogenesis in a tumor cell-specific manner.
    Authors: Zhang Z, Ramirez NE, Yankeelov TE, Li Z, Ford LE, Qi Y, Pozzi A, Zutter MM
    Blood, 2007-11-27;111(4):1980-8.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: In Vivo, Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay, In Vivo
  19. Placental growth factor down-regulates type 1 T helper immune response by modulating the function of dendritic cells.
    Authors: Lin YL, Liang YC, Chiang BL
    J. Leukoc. Biol., 2007-08-30;82(6):1473-80.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  20. Inhibition of prostate tumor growth and bone remodeling by the vascular targeting agent VEGF121/rGel.
    Authors: Mohamedali KA, Poblenz AT, Sikes CR, Navone NM, Thorpe PE, Darnay BG, Rosenblum MG
    Cancer Res., 2006-11-15;66(22):10919-28.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  21. Placenta growth factor in diabetic wound healing: altered expression and therapeutic potential.
    Authors: Cianfarani F, Zambruno G, Brogelli L, Sera F, Lacal PM, Pesce M, Capogrossi MC, Failla CM, Napolitano M, Odorisio T
    Am. J. Pathol., 2006-10-01;169(4):1167-82.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  22. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) is a novel anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic mediator secreted by dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dB-cAMP)-differentiated glioblastoma cells.
    Authors: Moreno MJ, Ball M, Andrade MF, McDermid A, Stanimirovic DB
    Glia, 2006-06-01;53(8):845-57.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  23. Loss of SPARC-mediated VEGFR-1 suppression after injury reveals a novel antiangiogenic activity of VEGF-A.
    Authors: Nozaki M, Sakurai E, Raisler BJ, Baffi JZ, Witta J, Ogura Y, Brekken RA, Sage EH, Ambati BK, Ambati J
    J. Clin. Invest., 2006-02-01;116(2):422-9.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types:
    Applications: In Vivo
  24. VEGF receptor 1 signaling is essential for osteoclast development and bone marrow formation in colony-stimulating factor 1-deficient mice.
    Authors: Niida S, Kondo T, Hiratsuka S, Hayashi S, Amizuka N, Noda T, Ikeda K, Shibuya M
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2005-09-19;102(39):14016-21.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: In Vivo, Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay, In Vivo
  25. Differential roles of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 and 2 in dendritic cell differentiation.
    Authors: Dikov MM, Ohm JE, Ray N, Tchekneva EE, Burlison J, Moghanaki D, Nadaf S, Carbone DP
    J. Immunol., 2005-01-01;174(1):215-22.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  26. Microvascular patterning is controlled by fine-tuning the Akt signal.
    Authors: Sun JF, Phung T, Shiojima I, Felske T, Upalakalin JN, Feng D, Kornaga T, Dor T, Dvorak AM, Walsh K, Benjamin LE
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2004-12-20;102(1):128-33.
    Species: Bovine
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  27. Impairment in ischemia-induced neovascularization in diabetes: bone marrow mononuclear cell dysfunction and therapeutic potential of placenta growth factor treatment.
    Authors: Tamarat R, Silvestre JS, Le Ricousse-Roussanne S, Barateau V, Lecomte-Raclet L, Clergue M, Duriez M, Tobelem G, Levy BI
    Am. J. Pathol., 2004-02-01;164(2):457-66.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: In Vivo
    Applications: In Vivo
  28. Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia.
    Authors: Maynard SE, Min JY, Merchan J, Lim KH, Mondal S, Stillman IE, Epstein FH, Karumanchi SA
    J. Clin. Invest., 2003-03-01;111(5):649-58.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  29. A critical role of placental growth factor in the induction of inflammation and edema formation.
    Authors: Oura H, Bertoncini J, Velasco P, Brown LF, Carmeliet P, Detmar M
    Blood, 2002-09-05;101(2):560-7.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: In Vivo
    Applications: In Vivo

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Recombinant Human PlGF Protein
By Anonymous on 02/08/2018
Application: SDS-PAGE Control
SDS-PAGE Control Recombinant Human PlGF Protein 264-PG