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Recombinant Human Proinsulin Protein, CF

Catalog #: 1336-PN
10 Citations Datasheet / COA / SDS
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1336-PN-050
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Citations (10)
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Summary Product Datasheets Carrier Free Data Images Reconstitution Calculator Background Related Research Areas

Recombinant Human Proinsulin Protein, CF Summary

Product Specifications

Purity
>95%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain
Endotoxin Level
<0.01 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.
Activity
Measured in a serum-free cell proliferation assay using MCF‑7 human breast cancer cells. Karey, K.P. et al. (1988) Cancer Research 48:4083. The ED50 for this effect is 0.15-0.75 μg/mL.
Source
E. coli-derived human Proinsulin protein
Phe25-Asn110, with an N-terminal Met, 6-His tag and Lys
Accession #
NP_000198
N-terminal Sequence
Analysis
Met
Predicted Molecular Mass
10.5 kDa
SDS-PAGE
9 kDa, reducing conditions

Product Datasheets

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1336-PN

Product Datasheet
COA
SDS

Carrier Free

What does CF mean?

CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.

What formulation is right for me?

In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.

1336-PN

Formulation Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS.
Reconstitution Reconstitute at 100 μg/mL in sterile PBS.
Shipping The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below.
Stability & Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
  • 3 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
Reconstitution Calculator

Reconstitution Calculator

The reconstitution calculator allows you to quickly calculate the volume of a reagent to reconstitute your vial. Simply enter the mass of reagent and the target concentration and the calculator will determine the rest.

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Background: Proinsulin

Proinsulin is synthesized as a single chain, 110 amino acid (aa) preproprecursor that contains a 24 aa signal sequence and an 86 aa proinsulin propeptide. Following removal of the signal peptide, the proinsulin peptide undergoes further proteolysis to generate mature insulin, a 51 aa disulfide-linked dimer that consists of a 30 aa B chain (aa 25 - 54) bound to a 21 aa A chain (aa 90 - 110). The 34 aa intervening peptide (aa 55 - 89) that connects the B and A chains is termed the C-peptide. Human proinsulin shares 84% and 80% aa sequence identity with rat and bovine proinsulin, respectively. Most of the sequence variation between species occurs in the region of the C-peptide (1). This peptide generates a structural conformation that allows for the correct formation of the intrachain disulphide bonds (1). Insulin is a molecule that facilitates the cellular uptake of glucose. This is accomplished by regulating the appearance of membrane glucose transporters. Low insulin levels or lack of insulin are associated with type 2 and type 1 diabetes mellitus, respectively. These conditions are associated with an increased risk for microvascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy (3). Proinsulin also circulates, but its physiologic role is less well understood. It does possess about 25% of the activity of mature insulin, but it would seem unlikely to be a natural substitute for insulin (4). In type 2 diabetes, an elevated proinsulin to insulin ratio in the circulation is a well-known abnormality (5 - 9). Perhaps this abnormality represents either compromised proteolytic processing or a general inability to process increased levels of insulin precursor (5). In any event, proinsulin will stimulate amylin secretion by beta -cells, and amyloid formation in pancreatic islets that promotes decreased beta cell function (10). Studies also suggest that fasting serum proinsulin may be a better predictor of future type 2 diabetes than fasting insulin levels in obese children (11).

References
  1. Bell, G.I. et al. (1980) Nature 284:26.
  2. Barbetti, F. et al. (1990) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 71:164.
  3. Forst, T. et al. (2008) Exp. Diabetes Res. 2008:176245.
  4. Steffes, M.W. et al. (2003) Diabetes Care 26:832.
  5. Roder, M.E. et al. (1999) Diabetes Care 22:609.
  6. Porte, D. Jr. (1991) Diabetes 40:166.
  7. Gordon, P. et al. (1974) Diabetologia 34:483.
  8. Saad, M.F. et al. (1990) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 70:1247.
  9. Roder, M.E. et al. (1995) J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80:2359.
  10. Dworacka, M. et al. (2006) Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 44:14.
  11. Kamoda, T. et al. (2006) Diabetes Obes. Metab. 8:192.
Entrez Gene IDs
3630 (Human); 16333 (Mouse)
Alternate Names
IDDM2; ILPR; insulin; IRDN; MODY10; Proinsulin

Citations for Recombinant Human Proinsulin Protein, CF

R&D Systems personnel manually curate a database that contains references using R&D Systems products. The data collected includes not only links to publications in PubMed, but also provides information about sample types, species, and experimental conditions.

10 Citations: Showing 1 - 10
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  1. Prohormone convertase 1/3 deficiency causes obesity due to impaired proinsulin processing
    Authors: DT Meier, L Rachid, SJ Wiedemann, S Traub, K Trimiglioz, M Stawiski, L Sauteur, DV Winter, C Le Foll, C Brégère, R Guzman, A Odermatt, M Böni-Schne, MY Donath
    Nature Communications, 2022-08-13;13(1):4761.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: In Vivo
    Applications: In Vivo
  2. ERp29 as a regulator of Insulin biosynthesis
    Authors: J Viviano, M Brecker, C Ferrara-Co, L Suaud, RC Rubenstein
    PLoS ONE, 2020-05-20;15(5):e0233502.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types:
    Applications: Western Blot Control
  3. ICA512 RESP18 homology domain is a protein condensing factor and insulin fibrillation inhibitor
    Authors: PL Toledo, JM Torkko, A Müller, C Wegbrod, A Sönmez, M Solimena, MR Ermácora
    J. Biol. Chem., 2019-04-12;0(0):.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  4. Biodistribution, activation, and retention of proinsulin-transferrin fusion protein in the liver: Mechanism of liver-targeting as an insulin prodrug
    Authors: Y Liu, HY Wang, L Zhou, Y Su, WC Shen
    J Control Release, 2018-02-20;275(0):186-191.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Cell Culture
  5. Oxidation of protein-bound methionine in Photofrin-photodynamic therapy-treated human tumor cells explored by methionine-containing peptide enrichment and quantitative proteomics approach
    Authors: YJ Hsieh, KY Chien, IF Yang, IN Lee, CC Wu, TY Huang, JS Yu
    Sci Rep, 2017-05-02;7(1):1370.
    Applications: Bioassay
  6. Development of a Rapid Insulin Assay by Homogenous Time-Resolved Fluorescence.
    Authors: Farino Z, Morgenstern T, Vallaghe J, Gregor N, Donthamsetti P, Harris P, Pierre N, Freyberg R, Charrier-Savournin F, Javitch J, Freyberg Z
    PLoS ONE, 2016-02-05;11(2):e0148684.
    Species: Rat
    Sample Types: Cell Culture Supernates
    Applications: ELISA (Standard)
  7. Identification of Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide as a BACE2 Substrate.
    Authors: Rulifson I, Cao P, Miao L, Kopecky D, Huang L, White R, Samayoa K, Gardner J, Wu X, Chen K, Tsuruda T, Homann O, Baribault H, Yamane H, Carlson T, Wiltzius J, Li Y
    PLoS ONE, 2016-02-03;11(2):e0147254.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Protein
    Applications: Bioassay
  8. Induction of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in human dendritic cells by a cholera toxin B subunit-proinsulin vaccine.
    Authors: Mbongue J, Nicholas D, Zhang K, Kim N, Hamilton B, Larios M, Zhang G, Umezawa K, Firek A, Langridge W
    PLoS ONE, 2015-02-25;10(2):e0118562.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  9. Enhanced insulin sensitivity associated with provision of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids in skeletal muscle cells involves counter modulation of PP2A.
    Authors: Nardi F, Lipina C, Magill D, Hage Hassan R, Hajduch E, Gray A, Hundal H
    PLoS ONE, 2014-03-14;9(3):e92255.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  10. Proinsulin-transferrin fusion protein as a novel long-acting insulin analog for the inhibition of hepatic glucose production.
    Authors: Wang, Yan, Shao, Juntang, Zaro, Jennica, Shen, Wei-Chia
    Diabetes, 2013-12-18;63(5):1779-88.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: In Vivo
    Applications: In Vivo

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