Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 P.1.8 Spike (GCN4-IZ) His Protein, CF

Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 P.1.8 Spike (GCN4-IZ) His Protein, CF Summary

Product Specifications

Product Datasheets

Carrier Free

CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.

In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.

Background: Spike

SARS-CoV-2, which causes the global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), belongs to a family of viruses known as coronaviruses that also include MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-1. Coronaviruses are commonly comprised of four structural proteins: Spike protein (S), Envelope protein (E), Membrane protein (M) and Nucleocapsid protein (N) (1). The SARS-CoV-2 S protein is a glycoprotein that mediates membrane fusion and viral entry. The S protein is homotrimeric, with each ~180-kDa monomer consisting of two subunits, S1 and S2 (2). In SARS-CoV-2, as with most coronaviruses, proteolytic cleavage of the S protein into S1 and S2 subunits is required for activation. The S1 subunit is focused on attachment of the protein to the host receptor while the S2 subunit is involved with cell fusion (3-5). The S protein of SARS-CoV-2 shares 75% and 29% aa sequence identity with S protein of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS, respectively. The S Protein o-f the SARS-CoV-2 virus, like the SARS-CoV-1 counterpart, binds a metallopeptidase, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE-2), but with much higher affinity and faster binding kinetics through the receptor binding domain (RBD) located in the C-terminal region of S1 subunit (6). It has been demonstrated that the S Protein can invade host cells through the CD147/EMMPRIN receptor and mediate membrane fusion (7, 8). Polyclonal antibodies to the RBD of the SARS-CoV-2 protein have been shown to inhibit interaction with the ACE-2 receptor, confirming RBD as an attractive target for vaccinations or antiviral therapy (9). There is also promising work showing that the RBD may be used to detect presence of neutralizing antibodies present in a patient's bloodstream, consistent with developed immunity after exposure to the SARS‑CoV‑2 (10). Several emerging SARS-CoV-2 genomes have been identified including P.1.8, a subvariant of the P.1 (Gamma) lineage. The P.1.8 variant contains several mutations in the S protein that potentially affect viral fitness and transmissibility. Within the RBD domain, the P.1.8 variant contains 4 mutations of interest in the RBD domain: K417T, T470N, E484K, and N501Y (11). Both the K417T and N501Y mutations have shown increased infectivity and caused reduced neutralization activity to several monoclonal antibodies (12, 13). The T470N mutation is also suggested to participate in increasing infectivity (12). The E484K mutation is a potentially crucial mutation as it creates a new site for hACE-2 binding and may enhance binding affinity (14). Further, the E484K substitution alone has been shown to confer resistance to several monoclonal antibodies and is responsible for the first confirmed SARS-CoV-2 reinfection (15). In addition to the RBD mutations, the P.1.8 variant contains several more critical mutations. Located nearby to the RBD domain, the D614G mutation is and has been shown to increase viral infectivity (13). The P681R mutation is found adjacent to the furin cleavage site and is proposed to enhance S protein cleavage and increase viral infectivity (11).

Related Research Areas

• Infectious Diseases