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Recombinant Human Dkk-1 (Histidine-tagged), CF

Catalog #: 1096-DK/CF
15 Citations Datasheet / COA / SDS

Discontinued Product

1096-DK/CF has been discontinued.
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Citations (15)
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Recombinant Human Dkk-1 (Histidine-tagged), CF Summary

Product Specifications

Purity
>90%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain
Endotoxin Level
<1.0 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.
Activity
Measured by its ability to interfere with the axis-inducing activity of Xwnt-8 mRNA in early Xenopus embryos. In a population of embryos, addition of 1 ng of rhDkk-1 per embryo resulted in 60-100% reduction in the number of secondary axes produced by 10-20 pg of Xwnt-8 mRNA. Measured by its ability to inhibit Wnt-3a-induced alkaline phosphatase production by MC3T3‑E1 mouse preosteoblast cells. The ED50 for this effect is 0.3-1.2 µg/mL in the presence of 10 ng/mL of Wnt-3a.
Optimal concentrations should be determined by each laboratory for each application.
Source
Spodoptera frugiperda, Sf 21 (baculovirus)-derived human Dkk-1 protein
Thr32-His266 & Ser35-His266, both with a C-terminal 10-His tag
Accession # O94907
Accession #
O94907
N-terminal Sequence
Analysis
Thr32 & Ser35
Predicted Molecular Mass
27 kDa
SDS-PAGE
37 kDa, reducing conditions

Product Datasheets

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1096-DK/CF (carrier free)

Product Datasheet
COA
SDS

Carrier Free

What does CF mean?

CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.

What formulation is right for me?

In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.

1096-DK/CF

Formulation Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in Tris-Citrate and NaCl.
Reconstitution Reconstitute at 100 μg/mL in sterile PBS.
Shipping The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below.
Stability & Storage: Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
  • 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.
  • 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
  • 3 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.
Reconstitution Calculator

Reconstitution Calculator

The reconstitution calculator allows you to quickly calculate the volume of a reagent to reconstitute your vial. Simply enter the mass of reagent and the target concentration and the calculator will determine the rest.

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Background: Dkk-1

Dickkopf related protein 1 (Dkk-1) is a member of the Dkk protein family that includes Dkk-1, -2, -3, and -4 (1). All four members are secreted proteins that are synthesized as precursor proteins with an N-terminal signal peptide and 2 conserved cysteine-rich domains, which are separated by a linker region. Dkk proteins have potential furin type proteolytic cleavage sites, and short forms of Dkk-2 and Dkk-4 containing only the second cysteine-rich domain can be generated by proteolytic processing (1). Dkk proteins have distinct patterns of expression in adult and embryonic tissues, suggesting that they may play diverse roles in these tissues.

The Dkk proteins have distinct effects on Wnt signaling. Dkk-1 and Dkk-4 are Wnt antagonists. Dkk-3 has not been demonstrated to affect Wnt signaling, and Dkk-2 acts as an agonist or antagonist, depending on the cellular context. Wnt signaling regulates many important developmental processes including neural crest differentiation, brain development, kidney morphogenesis, and sex determination. In addition, Wnt signaling has also been implicated in tumor formation. Canonical Wnt signaling via the beta-catenin pathway is transduced by a receptor complex composed of the Frizzled proteins (Fz) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related proteins (LRP5/6) (2, 3). Unlike many soluble Wnt antagonists that function by binding extracellular Wnt ligands to prevent interaction of Wnt with the Fz-LRP5/6 receptor complex, Dkk-1 and Dkk-4 antagonize Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by direct high-affinity binding to the Wnt coreceptor LRP5/6 and inhibiting interaction of LRP5/6 with the Wnt-Frizzled complex (4). Dkk-1 and Dkk-4 also bind the transmembrane proteins Kremen1 (Krm1) and Krm2 with high-affinity (5). Krm2 has been shown to form a ternary complex with Dkk-1 or -4 and LRP5/6 to trigger internalization of the complex and removal LRP6 from the cell surface. Thus, Dkk-1/4 and Kremens function synergistically to antagonize LRP5/6-mediated Wnt activity. Dkk-2 also binds to LRP5/6 and the Kremens, but Dkk-2 acts as antagonist of the Wnt signaling pathway only in the presence of Krm2 (5, 6). Dkk-2 binding to LRP5/6 in the absence of Krm2 activates rather than inhibits Wnt signalling (6).

References
  1. Krupnik, V.E. et al. (1999) Gene 238:301. 
  2. Zorn, A.M (2001) Current Biology R592. 
  3. Mao, J. et al. (2001) Mol. Cell 7:801. 
  4. Nusse, R. et al. (2001) Nature 411:255.
  5. Mao, J. et al. (2002) Nature 417:664.
  6. Mao, B. and C. Niehrs (2003) Gene 302:179.
Long Name
Dickkopf-1
Entrez Gene IDs
22943 (Human); 13380 (Mouse); 102123735 (Cynomolgus Monkey)
Alternate Names
dickkopf (Xenopus laevis) homolog 1; dickkopf homolog 1 (Xenopus laevis); dickkopf related protein-1; Dickkopf-1; dickkopf-related protein 1; Dkk1; Dkk-1; hDkk-1; SKdickkopf-1 like

Citations for Recombinant Human Dkk-1 (Histidine-tagged), CF

R&D Systems personnel manually curate a database that contains references using R&D Systems products. The data collected includes not only links to publications in PubMed, but also provides information about sample types, species, and experimental conditions.

15 Citations: Showing 1 - 10
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  1. Thiazolidinediones increase the wingless-type MMTV integration site family (WNT) inhibitor Dickkopf-1 in adipocytes: a link with osteogenesis.
    Authors: Gustafson B, Eliasson B, Smith U
    Diabetologia, 2009-11-27;53(3):536-40.
    Applications: ELISA (Standard)
  2. Decreased osteogenesis, increased cell senescence and elevated Dickkopf-1 secretion in human fracture non union stromal cells.
    Authors: Bajada S, Marshall MJ, Wright KT, Richardson JB, Johnson WE
    Bone, 2009-06-18;45(4):726-35.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Cell Culture Supernates, N/A, Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay, ELISA (Standard)
  3. Cooperative folding and ligand-binding properties of LRP6 beta-propeller domains.
    Authors: Liu CC, Pearson C, Bu G
    J. Biol. Chem., 2009-03-31;284(22):15299-307.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: N/A, Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay, Receptor Binding Assay
  4. Paracrine inhibition of osteoblast differentiation induced by neuroblastoma cells.
    Authors: Granchi D, Baglio SR, Amato I, Giunti A, Baldini N
    Int. J. Cancer, 2008-10-01;123(7):1526-35.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  5. Role of Dickkopf-1, an antagonist of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, in estrogen-induced neuroprotection and attenuation of tau phosphorylation.
    Authors: Zhang QG, Wang R, Khan M, Mahesh V, Brann DW
    J. Neurosci., 2008-08-20;28(34):8430-41.
    Species: Rat
    Sample Types: In Vivo
    Applications: In Vivo
  6. Interaction with human stromal cells enhances CXCR4 expression and engraftment of cord blood Lin(-)CD34(-) cells.
    Authors: Kobune M, Kawano Y, Takahashi S, Takada K, Murase K, Iyama S, Sato T, Takimoto R, Niitsu Y, Kato J
    Exp. Hematol., 2008-06-17;36(9):1121-31.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  7. Pharmacoproteomics of a metalloproteinase hydroxamate inhibitor in breast cancer cells: dynamics of membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase-mediated membrane protein shedding.
    Authors: Butler GS, Dean RA, Tam EM, Overall CM
    Mol. Cell. Biol., 2008-05-27;28(15):4896-914.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  8. Human cardiovascular progenitor cells develop from a KDR+ embryonic-stem-cell-derived population.
    Authors: Yang L, Soonpaa MH, Adler ED, Roepke TK, Kattman SJ, Kennedy M, Henckaerts E, Bonham K, Abbott GW, Linden RM, Field LJ, Keller GM
    Nature, 2008-04-23;453(7194):524-8.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  9. Wnt-3a and Dickkopf-1 stimulate neurite outgrowth in Ewing tumor cells via a Frizzled3- and c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent mechanism.
    Authors: Endo Y, Beauchamp E, Woods D, Taylor WG, Toretsky JA, Uren A, Rubin JS
    Mol. Cell. Biol., 2008-01-22;28(7):2368-79.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  10. Human ES cell-derived neural rosettes reveal a functionally distinct early neural stem cell stage.
    Authors: Elkabetz Y, Panagiotakos G, Al Shamy G, Socci ND, Tabar V, Studer L
    Genes Dev., 2008-01-15;22(2):152-65.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  11. Short-term BMP-4 treatment initiates mesoderm induction in human embryonic stem cells.
    Authors: Zhang P, Li J, Tan Z, Wang C, Liu T, Chen L, Yong J, Jiang W, Sun X, DU L, Ding M, Deng H
    Blood, 2007-11-27;111(4):1933-41.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  12. Production of Wnt inhibitors by myeloma cells: potential effects on canonical Wnt pathway in the bone microenvironment.
    Authors: Giuliani N, Morandi F, Tagliaferri S, Lazzaretti M, Donofrio G, Bonomini S, Sala R, Mangoni M, Rizzoli V
    Cancer Res., 2007-08-15;67(16):7665-74.
    Species: Human
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  13. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) mediates the prostate cancer-induced formation of new bone.
    Authors: Li ZG, Yang J, Vazquez ES, Rose D, Vakar-Lopez F, Mathew P, Lopez A, Logothetis CJ, Lin SH, Navone NM
    Oncogene, 2007-08-13;27(5):596-603.
    Species: Mouse
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  14. Thalidomide induces limb deformities by perturbing the Bmp/Dkk1/Wnt signaling pathway.
    Authors: Knobloch J, Shaughnessy JD, Ruther U
    FASEB J., 2007-02-05;21(7):1410-21.
    Species: Chicken
    Sample Types: Whole Cells
    Applications: Bioassay
  15. Differential gene expression in cultured osteoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells from patients with Paget's disease of bone.
    Authors: Naot D, Bava U, Matthews B, Callon KE, Gamble GD, Black M, Song S, Pitto RP, Cundy T, Cornish J, Reid IR
    J. Bone Miner. Res., 2007-02-01;22(2):298-309.
    Applications: ELISA (Standard)

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